Before the functions of the permanent memory of the ROM are introduced. tipi rom

Permanently memorized attachments (ROM) designations for permanent, energy-independent collection of information.

I will write down the way ROM classify the offensive rank:

1. one-time programmed with a mask at the enterprise-virobnik;
2. one-time programmed with special attachments, called programmers - EPROM ;
3. reprogrammed, or reprogrammed ROM - RPZU.

mask ROM

program mask ROM to be viewed in the process of getting the BIS. Call on the crystal of the guide from the list of all zapam'yatovoyt element (WE) And then, at the final technological operations, behind an additional photomask, a ball of communication is realized with a link between the address lines, given and simply forgotten by the element. The whole pattern (mask) will be displayed according to the position of the substitute on the cards. transcript many options the cards are requested to be guided in the technical minds on the ІМС ROM... so ROM They are made on the basis of diode matrices, bipolar or MOS transistors.

Masochny ROM based on a diode matrix

scheme of such ROM is shown in Fig. 12.1. here horizontal lines- address, and vertical - the goals of the lines, from them 8-digit double numbers are known in this type. In the given scheme of the ZE - the tse is clearer to the line of address and line of the danikh. Vibir of the whole row of ZE is carried out when a logical zero is applied to the address line LA i from the output of the decoder. Logical 0 will be recorded in the back of the ZE if the diode is visible on the re-line D i i LA i, in addition, the lantsyug will stumble into the whole vipad: + 5 V, diode, land on the address line. So, in given ROM when addressing 11 2 active zero signal appears on the address line LA 3, on a new level of logic 0, on tires danih D 7 D 0 show info 01100011 2.

MOSFET ROM based on MOSFET matrix

The application of the schematic diagram of this ROM representation in Fig. 12.2. Record of information about the connection to the disconnected MOS transistor at the connected points of the BIS. When you select a singing address on the general address line LA i there is an active signal of logical 1, so that the potential is close to the potential of the voltage supply + 5 V. It is logical 1 to be supplied to the gate of all transistor rows and open ones. Like the stick of the metalization transistor, on the basis of the D i there is a potential close to 0.2 0.3 V, so that it is equal to the logical 0. Also, the stick of the transistor is NOT metalized, the lance is not implemented, on the support R i there will be no stress, so that at the point D i will be a potential of +5 V, so that it is logical 1. For example, as shown in Fig. 12.2 ROM at the address code 01 2, at the address line LA 1 will be active rіven 1, and on tires danih D 3 D 0 if the code is 0010 2.

Masochny ROM based on a matrix of bipolar transistors

Scheme application ROM representations in Fig. 12.3. Recording of information is also available for metalization or non-metalization of the file between the base and the address line. For row vibrator ЗЕ on the address line LA i supply is logical 1. When the metal is applied to the base of the transistor, it is shown that there is a difference in potential between the emitter (ground) and the base (approximately + 5 V). When tsomu zamikaєatsya lantsyug: + 5 V; opir R i; turn on the transistor, ground on the transistor emitter. At point D i at a given potential, the voltage drop on the dielectric transistor is close to 0.4 V, so it is logical 0. Thus, in ZE the records are zero. Yakshcho dilyanka mіzh lіnієyu address and base of the transistor is NOT metalized, it is electric lance not implemented, falling springs on supports R i is dumb, to that on the general line of D i will be a potential of +5 V, to be logical 1. When feeding, for example, the address 00 2 is pointed at fig. 12.3 ROM code 10 appears on the SD 2.

put on mask ROM hovering over Fig. 12.4, and in table. 12.1 - їх parameters.

programmed ROM

programmed ROM (EPROM) They are also a single transistor matrix, as well as a mask ROM, and a few other versions of the ZE. zapam'yatovoy element EPROM shown in Fig. 12.5. Access to a new one will be guaranteed by submitting a logical 0 to the address line LA i. Recording in new vibrate as a result of precipitation (melting) of fuse-links PV bipolar transistors, MOSFET drains. Floating insert PV є is a small amount of metalization, which ruins (melts) when programmed pulses of a stream of 50 100 All microamperes and triviality are close to 2 milliseconds. If the insertion is saved, then in the ZE the entries are logical 0, the fragments are realized by the lancet mіzh dzherel zhivlennya i earth on LA i through a diode (in transistor matrices - through a led transistor). As soon as the insert is rounded, then the designated chain is not written in the CU and the logical 1 is written.

Permanently memorized annexes(ROM) features for the collection of information, for example, a table, a program, be it constants. Information in the PZP is saved when the live data is connected, that is, the ROM є by independent microcircuits of memory and processing only in the mode of bagatoraz reading of information.

The method of entering information into ROM (software) is divided into 3 groups:

§ Once programmed by a virobnik, masked(Substitute) for a short ROM, but for a bourgeois ROM.

§ It is only once programmed with corystocks (use the method of changing the fusible jumper on the crystal) or PROM, but according to the bourgeois PROM.

§ Bagatorazovo programmed by corystuvach (reprogrammable) or EPROM. Yak and bourgeois EPROMs.

In the one-time programmed ROM, replace the memory element, like in RAM, put a jumper between the tires at the viewers of the drivers, diodes, transistors. Recognition of the changeover log. 1, її відсутніст - log. 0 for navpaki. The process of programming such ROMs into the re-alignment of unnecessary switches, and in the same ROM, this kind of programming is possible.

reprogrammable ROM

Reprogrammable ROM can be divided into two classes:

§ In the mode of recording and erasing with an electric signal.

§ With the mode of recording with an electric signal and erasing ultraviolet vipromyuvannyam.

The microcircuits of the RPZU allow for the possibility of a bagatoraz program (from hundreds to thousands of cycles).

Element of memory in RPZU є polov transistor with the structure of the MOSF or MOS with a floating gate or LIZMOS - MOS transistor with an avalanche injection charge. The transistor is injected into the program and the building is recorded electrical charge before the shutter and take a lot of thousands of years without the effort of harvesting. In order to reprogram the ROM, you must first erase the previously recorded information. At RPZUs on MNOS transistors, the erasure is vibrated by an electric signal, as the accumulation of the charge by the gate is increased. At the RPZU on LIZMOS transistors, the erasure of the recorded information is displayed on the basis of the ultraviolet (UV) vipromyuvannya, like an advanced crystal through a special window in the case of the microcircuit.

EPROMs with UV erasures may have a number of shortcomings; So, for example, for erasing UV information, it is necessary to remove the microcircuit from the contact attachments (panels), which is not called manually. Until then, the visibility of the window in the case was thought to be the sensitivity of the microcircuit of the RPZU to the point that it improved the efficiency of the information erasure. That number of reprogramming cycles is only as many as tens of thousands, if the RPZU has an electrical signal erased as many as 10,000.

Memory elements ROM (RPZU).

The main thing to do this is to save information with the included harchuvanny. A single-transistor ZYa circuit for bipolar ROM is easy to understand.

At the internal lance of the transistor, the melting of the jumper (P) is transferred, which, in the necessary conditions, can be used during the initial programming.

When routed to WZ by the address line in the time of the non-routed jumper in the RL, the transistor current will be opposed. In a single zoned jumper, the current will not run out.

The memory element of the ROM can be displayed on MOS transistors. However, bipolar ROMs may have a higher high speed (hour of operation 20 ... 60 ns), ale and a great dissipated pressure, lower ROM on MOS transistors (hour of operation 200 ... 600 ns).

Reprogrammable ROM in Danish hour two types vikonuyutsya. In the first type of RPZU, the matrix of memory elements is designed similarly to the matrix of ROMs based on MOS transistors, but in some of them it is a metal gate and a ball of insoluble oxide, a thin ball is formed against silicon (MOSFET). Silicon nitride builds up and takes a trivial hour (up to 10 rockets and more) electric charge. V cob mill the transistor can rise to a high voltage (10 ... 15) V, as it decreases to operating values ​​when the ball is charged with silicon nitride. To charge the ball with silicon nitride, a high-voltage program pulse is supplied to the gate of the MNOS transistor, for the amplitude in the decal, the working voltage changes (15 ... 20) V. transistor. In such a rank, the manifestation of the charge should be produced until the EP zberіgaє 0, and its visibility - 1.

To erase the recorded information, so that it is visible to the charge of silicon nitride buried by the ball, the gate of the MNOP transistor must be supplied with an impulse that is not strong enough when recording the polarity.

The Іnshі options of the EP RPZU are based on the MNOS transistors with a floating (isolovanim) gate. The supply of a high voltage between the loop and the drain of the wick is accumulated in the floating shutter charge, which opens the conductive channel between the drain and the loop. Erasing information is helpful to optimize transistors through a quartz crystal ultraviolet device, as it unloads the gate of the transistors and translates them into a non-conductive mill.

Erasing information in this way gives rise to a number of obvious shortcomings, such as those seen during electrical erasing. For the rest of the transistor, another key shutter is displayed. However, zvazhayuchi on a large area EP, microcircuits RPZU with electrical erasure may be 2 ... 4 times less іnformation іmnіst, Low microcircuits with ultraviolet light erasures.

nourishment

analog circuitry

Unimportant to all the accessibility of digital numerical technology, in a number of types there is a rational work of mathematical calculation with analog signals in an analog view. Especially in the residual viewer, it is necessary to correct the result of the viewer analog signal... The numerical pristіy in a wide range of vyhodіyuchiy on the basis of a simpler digital and on the basis of a large scale. In the analog view, all basic arithmetic operations, operations of logarithm and anthology, differentiation and integration and development of line systems are possible. Differential Equivalents... Before that, as digital calculating attachments appeared, analogue calculating machines were widely used in scientific literature. Now it’s an hour gone, but with the appearance of specific electronics, everything is still possible in a row with the success of analogous methods of calculation. The mistake of calculating in an analog viewer doesn’t change 1% and the result is about 1 microsecond per hour. If I want the accuracy to be varied more quickly, it is not possible to calculate it using digital methods, but you can still find it acceptable. Beginning with analogue enclosures for shvidkodії obnuchalnі attachments can be used before digital.

pisiluval cascade

At the same time, the change in the drift of zero in the direction of the steady stream can be reached beyond the additional circuitry, as it is realized in the differential amplifier stage. The principle of an unbalanced bridge is laid in the basis of yoga. Seemingly, the balance of the bridge (div. Fig. 2.15) is saved when it changes, it is brought to a new spring, so when you change the support of the resistors, if you think about it

The power of the bridge is given to change the influx of instability of the livelihood and changes in the parameters of the circuit elements to the process of making the input signal stronger.

Figure 2.16 shows a diagram that explains the principle of robotic differential pidsiluvial cascade. The scheme is stored in two parts: brukivtsi and dzherel stable strumu, presented at viglyad dzherel strumu I e... In the brukіvtsі part of the circuit, two bridge arms are established by resistors R і R (analogs to resistors R і R circuits in Fig. 2.15), and two ones by transistors T and T (analogs to resistors R and R circuits in Fig. 2.15). It is important to know about the collectors of transistors, that is, from the diagonal of the bridge. It is very expensive to zero with the balance of the bridge, which can be reached when robots the same parameters of the transistors T and T in the same modes, as well as the same supports of the resistors R and R. Also, when the temperature is shifted in the process of robots, the same parameters are reduced to 2.1. ) to visit. The identity of the parameters in the various elements of the structure of the part of the circuit will be taken care of by the technology of preparing integrated microcircuits, up to the warehouse of which include differential cascades.

Small. 2.15. Diagram of a four-armed figure 2.16. Diagram of the differential bridge for the sub-syllable cascade

nourishment

Operative posiluvach- a whole electronic podsilyuvach naprugi with a high efficiency of strength, so there is a difference in input and one output. The stress at the entrance can be overwhelmed by the growth at the entrances in hundreds or thousands of times.

Designated on the diagram

Designs for supplying liveness (V S + і V S-) can be started in a different way. Unimportant at the time of development, its function is to be lost to one and the same - to ensure that additional energy is not provided for the signal.

1) add and display annexes to the OS

2) Vimіryuvalnі pіdsiljuvachі on OS

3) Integrator

4) differentiator

nourishment

OA static parameters:

Coefficient of strength KD... Є the main parameter of the op-amp at an even low frequency. Vіn viznachate vіdnoshennya vyhіdії strains U in their OS without OS in idle mode to differential (differential). Uin.d = Uin1 - Uin.

The transfer characteristic of the op-amp according to post-strum - the value of the permanent

outbound disturbance U outbid from post-outbound differential signal Uin.

Common mode attenuation coefficient K wasp sf = K D / K s. You can visually, if taxes on offense enter OU of the same naprugi, having taken care of zero value

U in. e. Vykhidna spraying can also be equal to zero.

input opir. The price of the op-amp according to the signal before the input signal.

Operational opyr ( R etc. wih)... Start a yak for a friend

gogo pidsilyuvacha.

Minimal option for options ( R H min)... Yogo meaning begins with a boundary outward strum at a nominal outward pressure.

Enter the sprint zsuvu ( U in. cm)... viznacha post_yna napruga, Yake slid to the input of the OS, the output of the spill became equal to zero. The whole parameter of the balance and asymmetry of the input differential stage of the op-amp.

Incoming strum of compensation ( I in. cm)... The arithmetic mean value of the two input strings of the OU when the input flows are equal to zero, i.e. E. I in. cm = ( I in1 + I in2) / 2.

Retrieval of input streams (Δ I in = I in1 - I in2)... The price of an absolutely significant difference in the structures of two inputs of the OS in case of emergency situations, which is zero. Tsey parameter, more U in.cm, also in the meaning of the world characterizes the value of the asymmetry of the output stages of the op-amp.

Temperature drift of the strap dsuvu Δ U in. cm / Δ tі differences in input streams Δ I in / Δ t . The temperature drift is due to a change in one of the parameters, to a change in the temperature of the mid-range by 1 ° C.

Coefficient in the flow of instability Dzherela napruga Kharchuvannya K ow. P... The price of meeting a snake spins zsuvu to a wicked snake of one zealous spirits U P.

Specifications:

Amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics. operating

ni pdsiluvachi, which may be a three-stage structure for a small signal,

have an amplitude-frequency characteristic (AFC) with three poles.

OU characteristic is changed. OU characteristic is changed

allowing in the mode of a small signal due to the

pulse signal, including the hour of the increase in the output signal when

injected into a single spill at the entrances of the driver.

The speed of growth of the wickedness V U= Δ U wih / Δ t .

non-inverting driver

A non-inverting input signal is characterized by the time when the input signal arrives at a non-inverting input of an operating driver. The diagram is given below.

Scheme of inclusion of non-inverting power supply.

The robot of this scheme is explained by the offensive rank, based on the characteristics of the ideal OS. The signal should go to the driver with an uninterrupted input support, and the signal to the non-inverting input can also be meaningful, like at the input, which is invert. The strum at the output of the operational drive is switched on the resistor R2 at the same level as the input.

In this rank, the main parameters of this scheme are described in the offensive

It is possible to create a performance for the performance of a non-inverting driver

In such a rank, it is possible to create a set, so that only the nominal passive components are added to the performance strength.

It is necessary to take into account a special problem, if the resistor R2 is larger than R1 (R2 >> R1), then the efficiency will be more powerful to one. At the same time, the non-inverting drive circuit is converted into an analog buffer or an operational repeat with a single transmission efficiency, even a great input support and a practically zero output support. I will secure an effective connection to the entrance and exit.

inverting pidsiluvach

An inverting power supply is characterized by a non-inverting input of an operating power supply of grounding (to connect to a power supply). In the ideal OS, the difference between the inputs of the driver is zero. Tom Lantsyug ringing bell I am guilty of not having trouble at the entrances. The inverting driver circuit is shown below

Inverting PIDSILYUVACH circuit.

The robot of the scheme will be explained by the offensive rank. The strum passes through the inverted plug in the ideal op-amp to zero, so the strum passes through the resistor R1 and R2, both directly and directly, so it is mainly connected to the viglyad

Todi efficiency of the given scheme will be ready

The minus sign in the tsiy formula refers to those where the signal on the circuit outputs is inverted according to the output to the input signal.

integrator

The integrator allows the implementation of the circuit in proportion to the input signal. The diagram of the simplest integrator on an op-amp is shown below

An integrator for operational support.

A scheme is given for the implementation of the integration operation over the input signal. I have already looked at the integration schemes new signals with the help of integrated RC and RL lancers. The integrator realizes analogous change to the input signal, protects a number of changes in proportion with integrated lances. First of all, RC and RL lance means weakening the input signal, but in other words, it’s a very high output signal.

In such a rank, the main design of the integrator is analogous to the integrated RC and RL lanterns, and the output is in the warehouse

The integrators knew wider storage in analogue outbuildings, such as active filters and automatic control systems

differentiator

The differentiator for its own way is the prototype of the integrator's robot, so that the output signal is proportional to the speed of the input signal. The diagram of the simplest differentiator is shown below.

Differentiator for operational power supply.

Differentiator realizes the operation of differentiation over the input signal and analogous differentiation of RC and RL lanciuzhkiv, except for that shorten parameters in some cases with RC and RL flanges: in practice, I will not weaken the input signal with a significantly smaller output support. The basic development of the relationship and reaction to differential pulses is similar to that of the differentiating lance.

Vyhіdna at a warehouse

Be it electronics is a folding attachment, the principle of the function of such zeros is far from a skin dwelling place. Also ROM and what is needed Daniy pristiy? Most of the cinnamon sticks this year cannot be seen on the food price. Let's try to correct the situation.

Is it a ROM?

Chim є ROM and de stink can vikoristovuvatisya. Permanently stored memory is so called independent memory. Purely technical data for the attachment of implementation in the form of microcircuits. Immediately we knew how to decipher the abbreviation of the ROM. Such microcircuits for the protection of the introduced information, as well as the establishment of programs... In the ROM it is possible to know all kinds of documents up to pictures. Information on the date of the microcircuit is saved in a stretch of decal months or to see the rock.

Fallen from the vicorist annex, the memory can change from the kilkoh kilobite on the simple outbuildings, I can only use one silicon crystal, up to terabytes. What is more, it’s better to remember the building, and it’s more possible to get rid of it. Obsyag microcircuit is directly proportional to the number of tributes. As soon as you try to get more information on food, which is a ROM, then you can say the next step: there is no information, as you do not get stuck in a permanent stress.

Vikoristannya hard drives yak rom

From the same time, we have already given a view on the food, which is a ROM. Now let's talk about those that can be used as a ROM. Mainly prіtіy in any computer - tse hard drive... Christmas stench є in the skin computer. The Danish element is victorious for a wide range of opportunities to accumulate tribute. At the same time, there is also a number of ROMs, which can be used in a multiplexory. There are a lot of special microcontrollers, pick-ups and electronic mechanisms. With more detailed examination, it is not only necessary to understand the size of the abbreviation of the ROM. Schob penetrate into the topic, deciphering of those terms is required.

Updating and expanding the possibilities of ROM for the launch of flash technologies

If koristuvachev doesn’t make a standard memorial service, then we can try to expand the possibilities in the sphere of information and information storage as quickly as possible. Tse zd_ysnyuєtsya for rakhunok vikoristannya modern technologies They are implemented in USB-drives and memory cards. These technologies are based on the principle of bagatorazovy vikorystannya. As simple as saying, the information on such noses can be overwritten and written down again. The operation can be carried out dozens and hundreds of thousands of times.

What to store ROM

There are two parts to the ROM warehouse, which mean both ROM-A and ROM-E. ROM-A vikoristovuєtsya for the selection of programs, and ROM-E for visualization of programs. ROM type A is a diode-transformer matrix, which can be stitched behind additional address wires. Daniy rozdil ROM is the main function. The filling will be deposited into the material, which is vicoristovuvavsya when the ROM is prepared. For the whole you can use magnetic stripes, magnetic disks, punched cards, drums, ferrite tips, dielectrics from the power of accumulating electrostatic charges.

ROM: schematic budova

Daniy ob'єkt elektronіki zvivayut the image at the viglyadі of the annexe, scho nagadu the deyakoi kіlkostі odnorryryadkіv. Unimportant on the potential, the folding of the microcircuit of the ROM is much too small for the size. When the song information is stored, the information is stored to the corpus (write zero), or before dzherel live (write one). In order to increase the size of the alternate memory, in the permanent memory annexes, the circuits can be connected in parallel. It’s the very same і it’s appropriate for virobniks to reject the product. Adzhe with victorian ROMs with high technical characteristics prist_y will be competitive on the market.

Obsyag pam'yati, how to become victorious in the old odinits of technology

A lot of memory can be found in the type and designation of the ROM. At idle by-run technology fridge in abo washing machines There will be plenty of microcontrollers installed. It is more likely that it is more foldable to get into riddles. Nemaє senseu vikoristovuvati here is a big obsyag ROM. The number of electronics to fill up is small. Until then, there is no need for a folding calculation. For the occasional TV screens, it can be even more foldable. The pinnacle of the foldability of ROM circuits є calculating technology zrazok server personal computers... Such technical ROMs contain in themselves from decilkoh gigabytes up to hundreds of terabytes of information.

mask ROM

If the recording is good, if the recording is being made for the additional process of metalization and a mask is made, then the ROM will also be called a mask. They have addresses in the middle of the memory for ten days. A specific microcircuit is vibrated for an additional special signal CS. This type of ROM is programmed in factories. It is not handy and unimaginable to be able to read them in the middle and in the ordinary course. However, with a large-scale version, such attachments will be the most cheap from ROM.

Price has become popular given type attachments From the point of view of the circuitry, such ROMs are seen from the backbone mass, which is replaced in the memory matrix by fusion jumpers, which are prepared from polycrystalline silicon. At the stage of virobnitstva all transitions are set. The computer is important, but logical odds are written down everywhere. However, before the hour of the preparatory program, an advance will be served.

For the help of a new one, I have to use logical odds. The jumpers when feeding low springs are vaporized. The computer vvazhaє, there is a logical zero written there. The same principle is victorious in the programming of the permanent memory of the annexes. Programmed PZP or EEPROM appeared to be finished manually from the point of view of technological preparation. Before them, you can go into the middle and the middle-class virobability. However, the cichs have their own attachments. The program can be recorded only once, when the changeover must be vaporized.

Through the unkindness of re-vikoristovuvati ROM. At the pardon, I will write yogo to Wikidati. As a result, the parity of all the viral equipment grows. Through the incompleteness of the viral cycle. Given the problem to finish dovgo borrowed roses. Yak vikhid from the given situation bulo virisheno razrobit ROM, as it is possible bagatorazovati programuvati.

ROM with electrical and ultraviolet erasures

Such annexes are built on the basis of a memory matrix, in the middle of the memory they create a special structure. The skin is midway here є a MOS transistor, a gate in a vikonany with polycrystalline silicon. Chimos nagaduє next option. The peculiarity of these ROMs is in the fact that silicon in this particular type can be used as a dielectric, which is volodya with insulating powers. In the quality of the dielectric, silicon dioxide is vicious.

Here the principle of work is based on the wisdom of the induction charge. There are dozens of rockies in existence. Here є deyakі specialties і erasures. So, for example, for an ultraviolet ROM, an attachment is required to use a UV exchange, for example, from an ultraviolet lamp. Obviously, from the point of view of the efficiency of the operation of the design of the ROM with electric erasures, it will be the optimal option. In this vipadku for activation, you just need to give a donation. Such a principle of electrical erasure of successful implementations in such annexes is like flash-accumulators. However, such a scheme of ROM is structurally inadequate to be seen as a special masked ROM for switching on and off.

Such attachments are called reprogrammed. However, with all the passages of this type, there is no more information erasure. Zvychay, for the performance of this operation, 10 to 30 minutes are required. Uninvolved on the possibility of rewriting, at the reprogrammed attachments є interchangeable on the victorian. Electronics with UV erasures can survive from 10 to 100 rewriting cycles. Making the flow of ultraviolet vypromynuvannya will become so visceral that it will stop the function.

Such elements can be used to save BIOS programs in video and sound cards for additional ports. As for the possibility of rewriting, the principle of electric erasing will be optimal. The number of rewrites in such attachments becomes from 100 to 500 thousand. Surely, you can know the annexes, which can be more efficient and more, however, the most ordinary people of the kind have absolutely no idea of ​​such supernatural possibilities.

Important to the nobility difference between RAM and ROM. As soon as you are smart, you can improve your eyesight, as a great computer. RAM і ROM, yak різні tipi zapam'yatovuyh attachments, and the stench of offense take the data in the computer. At the end of the statistics, we will tell you about the main features of the two in two ways, and the RAM and ROM itself.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Operational memory is a type of memory, as it allows you to preserve access to preservation of tributes in any last day or from any physical growth in memory. RAM can be read and written with new data. The main change is the operational memory є those who borrow the same hour in access to new dates, right from the beginning of the day. Chain the RAM like a fast memory. Computers can read from memory just as quickly, as well as the stench can write new data into operational memory just as quickly.

Yak RAM viglyadє?

Commercially available special memory chips can be easily connected to and from the computer's motherboard. Chip memory is shown on the offensive little one.

Permanent memory lock (ROM)

Yak viplivay s name, danі will be recorded in the ROM only once and every time. Writing, these can be read only for an additional computer. Only for reading the memory is often victorious, in order to install the post-installation instructions in the computer. The price of the instruction does not change. Chipi ROM zberigati basic introduction / delivery system(BIOS) of the computer. On the offensive little bit of readings, the ROM BIOS is commercially available.

The difference between RAM and ROM

The main tables have shown the main information about the with sufficient accessі only for reading memory.

RAM and ROM computer systems... Do you want nobility if the disk is working and if the RAM is in the group? Well, if you switch to your computer, you can turn on the black screen with a lot of text. Tsey text from ROM. Instructions ROM for computer control for the first few seconds, if you turn it on. U tsei period, yak instructions " , yak chitati z hard disk", "Yak drukuvati on screens" zavanazhivayutsya from ROM. In addition, as a computer, it is a building operation and basic operations, operating system(Windows / Linux / OSX, etc.) to read from a hard disk and get locked into RAM. Next video I will explain the RAM against the concept of ROM beforehand.

When the program is opened, like Microsoft Word, the program is locked from the hard disk of the computer into the operative memory.

As a result, the article helped you to see the main information about RAM and ROM. As long as you have some food, tied to a common theme, be weasel, do not get pissed off to ask in the section of comments. We will try to help you. Dyakuєmo to you for the TechWelkin victorian!

Personal computers can be used for the following:

microprocessor memory;

main memory;

cache memory restrov;

call memory.

Microprocessor memory is visible. The main memory is intended for storage and operational exchange of information from the computer's attachments. Memory functions:

reception of information from the outbuildings;

memorizing information;

displaying information for the power supply in the attachment of the machine.

The main memory is to revenge two types of memory annexes:

ROM - permanently zapam'yatovoy prist_y;

RAM - operatively zapamyatovoy pristіy.

The ROM is designated for the collection of post-programmatic and pre-existing information. Data in ROM should be entered when ready. Information that can be stored in ROM can only be zchituvati, but not zmіnyuvati.

ROM has:

program for controlling the processor's robot;

program for launching a computer;

programs for testing attachments that change the correctness of the robotic blocks when the computer is turned on for the skin;

control programs for displays, keyboard, printer, memory;

Information about those that have an operating system on the disk.

ROM is an energy-independent memory, when the information is turned on, it will be stored in a new way.

OZP indications for operational recording, retrieval and reading of information (programs and data), without a priori take part in the information-computational process, as well as being displayed by a computer during the current period of an hour.

By the main passes of the operational memory є ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї і ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї і ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї to ї to the skin room of memory memory okremo (direct address access to memory). All memory units are collected in groups of 8 bytes (1 byte), such a group has an address, for which it is possible to turn around.

RAM є energy storage memory, when enabled, information will be erased.

For modern computers, the memory size should be 8-128 MB. Obligation of memory - important characteristic of the computer, it’s injected into the speed of the robotics and the efficiency of the program.

Besides the ROM and the RAM on the system board, the CMOS memory is not available, it will be permanently stored from the battery. They have the parameters of the configuration of the computer, which are reconfigured when the skin system is switched off. Tse semi-permanent memory. To change the parameters of the computer's configuration in the BIOS, there is a program for setting the computer's configuration - SETUP.

For quicker access to the operational memory, a special overhead cache memory must be installed, and a microprocessor must be used as a microprocessor. operational memory There are copies of the most frequently victorious files of operational memory in them. The register cash memory is not available for the koristuvach.

At the cache memory, data is taken, as a microprocessor will be able to pick up and be victorious in the best tactics of his robot. Quick access until the tsikh danih, you will allow the hour to pass the hour of the visit of the Chergov commands, programs.

Microprocessor, repairing from MP 80486, can change its cache memory. Microprocessors Pentium and Rentium Pro can cache okremos for tributes and okremos for teams. For all microprocessors, you can vikoristovuvatya additional cache memory, mother's pay the position of the microprocessor, the range of which you can reach the decilkoh MB. The name of the memory is used for the newest attachments of the computer and for the pre-prepared collection of information, as it can be known for the new building. In the morning, all programs of the computer are saved at the last memory.

The annexes of the memory of the past are the outcrops, and the memory of the memory is even more important. Їх can be classified according to the type of wear, according to the type of construction, according to the principle of recording and reading information, according to the method of access, etc.

Naybіlsh extended outbuildings, which will not be remembered є:

accumulate on hard magnetic disks (HDD);

accumulate on dull magnetic disks (NGMD);

accumulate on optical disks(CD-ROM).

In the past, in the capacity of annexes to the last memory of a personal computer, to be attached to the memory of a cassette magnetic strip - streamers.

Accumulate on disks - as an attachment for reading and record from magnetic or optical carriers. Appointment of the number of accumulations is the acquisition of great reports of information, the recording and delivery of information, so that you can use the power supply in the operational setting.

HDD and NGMD are developed only constructively, by means of information, so that they can take a joke for an hour, and write down that information.

As a memory of the middle of the magnetic disks, magnetic materials can be used by special authorities, so that they allow the fixation of two magnetic camps - two straight lines of magnetization. For the skin, it is placed at the display of the numbers 0 and 1. Information on the magnetic disks is recorded and read by the magnetic heads of the concentric bridges - tracks. Number of disk drives and information It is possible to lay down according to the type of disk, the design of the storage device, the quality of the magnetic heads and the magnetic coil. The leather door is split into a sector. In one sector, 512 bytes of data can be allocated. The exchange of data between them is accumulated on a magnetic disk and the operative memory will last by as many sectors. For a hard magnetic disk, one must also be able to understand a cylinder - a pair of paths, which is located at the same location towards the center of the disk.

Discs can be used for direct access to machine information carriers. This means that the computer can be turned up to the road, for which it can be repaired from the shukanoy information, or where it is necessary to write down new information, without the average, even if the head is not known to write down the reading.

All discs - magnetic and optical - are characterized by their own diameter (form factor). Three dull magnetic disks of the most widened were filled with disks with a diameter of 3.5 (89 mm). The number of disks becomes 1.2 and 1.44 MB.

Nakopichuvachi on hard magnetic disks were called "Winchester". Tsei term vinik from the slang name the first model of the hard disk, there are 30 paths of 30 sectors of the skin, which are lost with the caliber of Mislivska rushnitsa “Winchester”. The memory of a hard disk drive is stored in MB and GB.

In an hour, new storage on magnetic disks - ZIP-disk - portable attachments with 230-280 MB memory appeared.

In the rest of the rockets of the widest distribution, they started saving on optical disks (CD-ROM). Breeders of small sizes, great strength and hopefulness and accumulation become more and more popular. The number of accumulators on optical disks is 640 MB and more.

Optical disks can be used for non-rewritable laser-optical disks, rewriting of laser-optical disks and rewriting of magneto-optical disks. Non-rewritable discs are supplied by virobnik companies with the information already recorded on them. Recording information on them can only be done in laboratory minds, the pose of a computer.

Apart from its main characteristics - informational capacity, disk accumulators are characterized by two hour indicators:

hour access;

shvidk_styu readings after roztastovanih bytes.