Zharoznizhuvalny for children is recognized as a pediatrician. Allegedly, there are situations of inconvenient help for feverish women, if the children are in need of giving innocently. Todi dad take on the versatility and constipation of fever-lowering drugs. How can you give children a breast? How can you beat the temperature of older children? What are the best ones?
Informatics, cybernetics and programs
At the same time, the principle of CD-ROM drives is based on hard and nasty disks, in which noses are wrapped with a permanent crumpled music. The need to keep up with the continuous line-up of video is overwhelmed by the fact that, when making sound CDs, the blame comes to the mind, but decode, in the constant and strictly singing tempo of the same vividly Mechanical part of CDROM drives The design of CD-ROM drives is shown in Fig.
Constructions of drives CD-ROM
CD-ROM drive he was guilty of being responsible for the problem of pratsyuvati with CDs that are of a standard size, albeit pinky virobniks, with non-transferable surface defects and defects. Pristіy is guilty of not printing the disc wrappingpost-lane line shvidkistyu, tobto.the frequency of the twist is guilty but it is wrapped in proportion to the radius of the loop of the spinal path, which is indicated by the optical head. When the head is displaced to the edge of the disc, the frequency of wrapping changes і navpaki. At the same time, the principle of CD-ROM drives is based on hard disk drives, which are wrapped inpost_noyu kutovoyu shvidk_styu.The need to adapt the post-production line of knowledge has been summed up by the fact that, when making sound CDs, the guilt comes into the decode attunement of the post-production and strictly designated tempi, neatly from that, from the yaky turn of the ryzhka, the stench is read. When robotic CD-ROM lіnіyna shvidkіst can be-like. The ability to provide a spinal information drive on a disk, wrap around, install the optical head of the drive at the radio directly less than one micron. The electronic part of the drive is guilty of the real part of the show and the correction of the pardon of the reading of the tribute, which is superbly successful for a trivial hour.
Mechanical part of drives CD-ROM
The design of CD-ROM drives is shown in Fig.
Small. Drive design CD-ROM
The basis of the attachment є hard carcass from aluminum and stainless steel. Yak and in accumulators of the largest types, the frame is a part of the structure, until all of them are fastened woozli ( mechanical and electronic). To them are admitted:face panel, false panel, regulator of ductility 1 i disc drive button... Suitable attachments for noses can be of different types and insurance for the installation of CDs in special containers ( caddy ), for they are visuvny trays, that face panels and false panels. and also the ways of їх fastening can be small. Uninvolved on those in drives that can record (CD-R) and rewrite (CD-RW), these laser devices are installed, and they are designed, in principle, such as the drives for CD-ROM drives.
The electronic vuzli floppy drive is mounted on a number of manual boards. Most often: main board, on each selection of the control circuit and the interface of the drive, thatheadphone power supply board;invite them to mount and connect to them. Practically all mechanical universities have a disk drivemechanism to drive the disk and head.The stench is dispensed from a few brands of companies, middle-aged ones, I’ll have a chergu, then name the company Sony, Philips, Toshiba, IBM ... Therefore, all the sale of a number of models of CD-ROM drives has been selected from a selection of drives, and nearly 80% of the functions of these attachments are displayed. Such standardization and, as heritage, interchangeability with one of the characteristic rice drives.
The design of a typical drive mechanism is shown on the little one. At the top of the second part, an attachment can be installed, so that you can secure the reception, fixation of a CD. The basis of the drive mechanism є block ВС-7С, is a frame, until all other details are attached. Vaughn stand at the building on the chotirohgum supports,how to protect the mechanism of the drive from the jars and vibrations, but inevitably there will be an hour of robotic drive at the warehouse of the system. However, unaffected by the appearance of shock-absorbing drive, the CD drive is a delicate and even loud mechanism.Rukhomy vuzolі kryshka krishkastore the attachments, which show mechanical operations for receiving and fixing a CD on the rotor.spindle motor,as well as yogo rozvanazhennya.
Smoothly and without baking, the operation of the operations will ensure that you get the most of the riches. with hydraulic dampers. Change of rudimentary parts here I for help dvigunami drive zavanazhennya and vivantazhennya disk.
Small. 14.8
Construction of the mechanism of the disk drive and head
Attachments to ensure the wrapping of the nose necessary shvidk_styu ta rahuє; a bathtub from the wrong ones, it’s roztasovuyutsya pіd zavantazhvalny mechanism (Fig. 14.9). Shpinde.; ny dvigun mountings on the frame of the VS-7S block and connections up tohanding tati of schemes... management. Vibrogasna pidviskaspriy yogo big rіvnomіrny wrapping. On the. More detailed CD-ROM drive part єOptical head?to the warehouse which includes aluminum arsenidgalivium ( GaAlAs ) laser diode vipromynuvach.:
Small. 14.9 Bottom view of the VS-7S unit
(up to 780 nm, pulling vipprominuvannya close to 0.6 mW), photosensor, optical automatic focusing systemі mechanism of precise cutting for the road. The optical head can be shifted in two let us recollect: the laser hole hits the surface of the disk through the hole near the frame to the ВС-7С unit. Vuzol, which can be stored from the optical head and directly, in one name sanchatami (sled).
For CD-ROM, CD-R and CD-RW drives vikoristovuyutsya laser vipromynuvachi with small characteristics. Ale the sound of a stench is not enough to see one kind of one thing.
The sled is due to the position of the turns of the spinal information road on the surface of the disc. On the way from drives to nasty disks, in some magnetic heads you can record / reproduce with sufficient accuracy, which can be guided with sufficient accuracy on the road for an additional small drive, in a large number of compact disk drives for a large vickory for moving heads on hard drives. On the right, in the fact that the position of concentric tracks on floppy disks is suvoro fixed, it is good to use the principle of a crocodile motor: the rotor can only occupy a few discrete positions. In addition, the very roads to reach wide, but also the need for precise adjustment of the position of the heads. Radius of the spiral of the university information road CD change without interruption, so the position of the head needs to be permanently corrected. Zd_ysnyuєtsya price for the rakhunok of the serpent of the keruyuch struma of the ruhomies of the linen dvigun. Tim is not the least, some CD-ROM drives still have short electric motors with a super-small rotor wrapping. Electronic universities, which can secure the transfer of sleds at the required direct, mounted on the main driver board.
Electronic universities of drives CD-ROM
In fig. 14.10 is a block diagram of a typical floppy drive CD-ROM ... It is cleverly possible to split it into two parts - the controller's driver and the driver's driver. The controller's subsystem interacts with the interface of the peripheral attachments of the system, and the controller itself is accumulated. Most of the best electronic universities in the drive may be used to access the entire system. Controller, the diagram is shown in fig. 14.10, values for robots with an interface SCSI 2 I want more modern drives CD-ROM connect to the quiet interfaces themselves ( Ultra - DMA or E 1 DE ), as i accumulate on hard disks. And in that, and in the first place, it should be adjusted to reach the smart one, but it allows you to simply connect the drive to the system interface (adapter SCSI for the controller accumulates in the type IDE, ЇЇ or Ultra - DMA ), refer to the given letter of the meaning and correct the system.
Driving system with a disk drive viroblyaє commands for its mechanical part (it will not be possible to use a CD, adjusting its frequency and wrapping it, changing the sledge too), EFM have a very dvіykovy format) and korektsіyu grants. Analog signals from the output
For the rakhunok of moving the sled, it will be less coarse to aim the optical head on the road. More precisely, the reason behind her and the correction of quick visions in that chi інshy bіk (diagnosed through the imperfectness of the nose) is due to the optical attachments of the head itself. Masa Sanok Zanadto Great for In addition, the stench could react to such an illness. - Approx. ed. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) - System interface of small computers. - ed.
Small. 14.10
Block diagram of a typical floppy drive CD-ROM (URCH - pidsiluvach radio frequency, designations for beefing up the signal from the photosensor; DAC - digital-to-analog conversion; LPF - low frequency filter)
the photosensor is overwritten from the list on EFM -signals, and then at potik two tributes and codes CIRC (Cross - InterleavedReed - Solomon Code - codi Rid-Solomon, shou curl up).All operations with focusing the laser exchange, stepping behind the road, carving with a sled drive (with a ringing ring), a spindle motor and a drive mechanism for driving and driving a disk work with a servo-drive processor control circuit.
If you know in more detail, go to the electronic universities of CD-ROM drives, screw it, as shown in fig. 14.10 the functional diagram can be seen only as an illustration, as I will explain zagalny principle funcionuvannya rozglyanutih attachments. Rіznodyvіv electronic universities disk drives are not large, ale smelly, and the price of demand vrahovuvati. There are no interfaces in front of us. Yak has already been told vishche, at the large annexes there is an interface Ultra - DMA or EIDE ... Deyaki firmi vipuskayut drive SCSI , if you do not want the virobniks to distribute the powerless interfaces SCSI and IDE ). Anyway, try, as far as possible, to find out the documentation of the firmware file on the drive, to tell you as much as possible.
1 Ridko rises in the Danish hour
PAGE 4
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It is easy to send your garnu robot to the base of knowledge. Vicorize the shape below
Students, postgraduates, young people, who are victorious to develop the knowledge base for their own newcomers and robots, you will be as old as ever.
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CD-ROM - a compact disc (CD), the designation for the acquisition in digital view previously recorded on the new information and reading for an additional special attachment, called the CD-ROM-driver, - a drive for reading CDs.
Prior to the establishment, for the release of which CD-ROM attachments are intended, it is possible to add: software security; the message of information at the databases; launching the robot with the game educational programs; pereview of the video; listening to music CDs.
The history of the CD-ROM legacy has been repaired since 1980, since the companies Sony and Philips have combined their latest technology to record and release CD-ROMs from the victorious lasers. Fixing since 1994 CD-ROM drive There is no part of the standard computer configuration. Nosієm of information on a CD-disk є a relief pad, on the layer of application a thin ball is added to light material, as a rule, aluminum. Recording of information on a CD є the process of forming a profile on the floor by means of a "fading" of miniature strokes by means of a laser exchange. Reading of the information is carried out for the reconstruction of the laser exchange, which is displayed on the basis of the file. The display of the disk surface gives the signal "zero", and the signal of the dash - "one".
The collection of tributes on CDs, such as magnetic disks, is organized in two forms.
In the case of the winchesters, the CD is better than the transport. Obsyag danikh, distributed on CD, is 700 - 800 MB, and there is little to know about the rules of CD exploitation.
The process of making CDs includes a number of steps. At the first stage, an information file is created for the offensive recording of the media. At another stage, in addition to the laser exchange, information is recorded on the nose, which is how the scloplastic disc is processed to cover the photoresist material. Information will be recorded as the last of the spiraled loosenings (strokes), as shown in Fig. 3.7. The depth of the skin stroke-pit (pit) is 0.12 microns, the width (in a straight line, perpendicular to the area of the little one) is 0.8 - 3.0 microns. The stench of the rosetting of the spinal path, the appearance between the suspended turns which become 1.6 microns, but the thickness is 16000 turns / inch.
Small. 3.7 Geometrical characteristics of the compact disc (a) and its lateral recess (b) (625 turns / mm). Dovzhina strokes of the bridles of the road, the record is numbered from 0.83 to 3.1 microns
On the offensive stage, the development of a photoresistive ball and disc metalization is violated. For this technology, the disc is called a master disc. For the circulation of compact disks from a master disk by the method of electroplating, a number of working copies is known. Robotic copies can be covered with a metal ball (for example, nickel), lower than a master disk, and can be used as a matrix for duplicating CDs up to 10 thousand. PC. from the skin matrix. Circulation is made by the method of hot stamping, sending information to the side of the base of the disc, using polycarbonate, applying vacuum metalizing with a ball of aluminum and covering the disc with a ball of varnish. Discs, vikonanі by the method of hot stamping, according to the passport dues, will be provided with up to 10,000 cycles without gratuitous reading of dues. The thickness for a CD is 1.2 mm, diameter - 120 mm.
Provide a CD-ROM with the following main functional universities:
* zavantazhuvalny prist_y;
* Optical-mechanical block;
* drive control systems and automatic regulation;
* Universal decoder and interface unit.
In fig. 3.8 is given the design of the optical-mechanical block to the CD-ROM drive, which is a practical offensive rank. The electromechanical drive is wrapped around the disk, the premises are in the enchanting enclosure.
Optical-mechanical unit for securing the displacement of the optical-mechanical reading head according to the radius of the disk and reading information.
The power supply laser generates a low-intensity infrared light (a typical level of 780 nm, a pressure level of 0.2 - 5.0 mW), which is consumed on a prism, to look out of the mirror and focus on the surface of the disk. Servodvigun, on commands, comes from a built-in microprocessor, changes the collapsing carriage to the mirror, which is brought back to the required drive on a CD. View from the disc to focus on the lens, rotate from the disc, view from the mirror and tap on the separate prism, as I will direct the line to the other lens, which will focus. Give it to the photosensor, which converts the light energy to electrical impulses. Signals from the photosensor go to the universal decoder.
The system of automatic cutting behind the surface of the disc that will record the data will ensure the high accuracy of reading information. The signal from the photosensor, as the last of the pulses, is received by the automatic regulation system, signals of the pomp of the stezhenny are visible. The signals are sent to the automatic control systems: focus, radial feed, laser pressure, linear disc wrapping.
Universal decoder - processor for processing signals from CDs. Before this warehouse there are two decoders, an operative attachment and a decoder control controller. Storing the subway decoder allows you to update the information in a volume of up to 500 bytes. Promptly attaching the vison to the function of the buffer memory, and the controller of the keru with the modes of directing the grants.
The interface block is stored for converting digital analog signals, a low frequency filter and an interface for communication with a computer. When the audio information is updated, the DAC converts the encoded information to an analog signal, which can be connected to a signal with an active low-frequency filter and distant to a sound card, which is tied to headphones or acoustic speakers.
Lower induction of exploitation characteristics, as it is necessary to carry out the selection of CD-ROM 100% of specific buildings.
Data Transfer Rate (DTR) - the maximum data transfer rate, from which data is transferred from the carrier to the computer's RAM. Tse nibilsh important characteristic the CD-ROM drive, as it is practically impossible to guess at once from the name of the model. The speed of the disc wrapping is tied without the need for the speed of transmission. The first CD-ROM drives transferred data from 150 Kb / s as audio CD programmers. The transmission speed of the new generation of annexes, as a rule, is a multiple of the number (150 Kbytes / s). Such leads are called nakychuvachіv іf two-, three-, chotirirazuyu shvidkіstu too. For example, a 60-speed CD-ROM drive will not provide information reading from a speed of 9000 KB / s.
Good transmission speed to the CD-ROM drive is essential for everything to synchronize the image and sound. If there is a lack of video transmission, you can skip frames in the video image and sound.
However, farther away, the 72-fold increase in readability of CD-ROM drives is not adequate, and with a small amount of read-out speed on CD-ROM drives, you will not get the necessary amount of readability. And, besides, there was a promising technology - DVD.
The quality of the reading is characterized by the efficiency of pardons (Eror Rate) and the ability to discard the information generated when it is read. The whole parameter is displayed when attached to a CD-ROM drive for reading / writing. Passport value of the tsiy kofіtsієnt - 10-10-10-12. If you read the data from the hard disk, or the garnished disc, the group of grateful beats will be rebuilt. As a pardon not to go to the side for the help of the stable to the transcript code (stored when reading / writing), the speed of reading of the given data is reduced and the readability of the reading is repeated.
Average hour of access (Access Time - AT) - the whole hour (in milliseconds), which is required for the drive, so it should be known on the nose of the required data. Obviously, with robots on the internal disk drives, there will be less access for an hour, less with reading information from the out-of-the-box drives. To that, in the passports of the accumulator, the middle hour of access is indicated, which is the beginning of the average value at the time of registration of the decals of the data from the new discs. In the world of advanced CD-ROM drives, the average hour of access will change, the parameter value will be changed to analogous for hard drives (100 - 200 ms for CD-ROMs and 7 - 9 ms for hard drives). The price is explained by important design features: in hard disk drives, there are a number of magnetic heads and the range of mechanical change is less than the range of change of the optical head to the CD-ROM drive.
The volume of the buffer memory is the exchange of an operative attachment to the CD-ROM drive, which will be used for increasing the speed of access to the data, we will write it down on the media. Buffer memory (cache memory) є installed on the plate of the accumulator of the microcircuit and the memory of the collection of many diversified. The stores of the buffer memory, data, spaced out in the other areas of the disk, can be transferred to a computer with continuous shipment. The size of the buffer memory for the CD-ROM drive is 512 KB.
Medium naphtha on vidmovu - the middle hour of the year, which characterizes the lack of operation of the robot and the CD-ROM drive. Average napratsyuvannya on vidmova new models CD-ROM drives 50-125 yew. a year, or 6-14.5 years of cyclical robots, which is meaningfully changing the term of the moral old age of the accumulator.
In the process of developing storage on optical discs, the basic formats for recording information on CD are broken down.
Format CD-DA (Digital Audio) - digital audio-CD with an hour of sounding 74 min.
The ISO 9660 format is the most widely used standard for logical organization of money.
High Sierra (HSG) format proponents from 1995 p. that the reading of the tributes, recorded on a disc in the ISO 9660 format, for the additional drives of these types, has given rise to a wide circulation of programs on CD, and has given the legacy of compact discs, based on different operating systems.
Photo-CD format in 1990-1992 rockets. That is, for the purpose of recording on a CD, for obtaining and maintaining static video information in high-light photographic images. A disc in the Photo-CD format can accommodate from 100 to 800 a photo image of all possible resolutions - 2048x3072 and 256x384, as well as sound information.
Whether it is a CD-ROM disc, whether to reveal text and graphic data, audio or video information, be referred to the category of multimedia. Multimedia CDs are available in different formats for children operating systems: DOS, Windows, OS / 2, UNIX, Macintosh.
CD-I format (Intractive) for a wide range of corystuvachiv as the standard of a multimedia disc, to take revenge on descriptive text, graphic, audio and video information. The disc format CD-I allows you to take video with a sound superconductor (stereo) and trivial performance up to 20 min.
The CD-DV (Digital Video) format will secure recording of high-quality video images with stereo sound for 74 min. When you take over, take care of the MPEG-1 method (Motion Picture Expert Group).
The disc can be read using a hardware or software decoder to the MPEG standard.
3DO format for splitting games for game consoles.
Small. 3.9 Budova CD-ROM and CD-R / CD-WR
drive block drive
The CD-ROM drive can be used as a standard interface for connecting to a pink IDE (E-IDE), as well as a high-speed SCSI interface.
The most popular CD-ROM drives in Russia - virobi z trade marks Panasonic, Creative, Samsung, Pioneer, Hitachi, Teac, LG.
Accumulate with a one-time CD-WORM / CD-R recording and a portable CD-RW information recording
Accumulate CD-WORM (Write Once Read Many) or CD-R (CD-Recordable); on optical discs.
For a one-time recording of vikoristoyutsya disks, which is a very special CD, which imitates a ball of vikonaniya, as a rule, from the gold or the average flock. Between it and the polycarbonate base of the ball, which is restructuring (Fig. 3.9), it is made of organic material, which is dark when heated. In the process, I will write down the laser light, until the lightning ball becomes darker, when reading, it becomes 780 nm, and the intensity is higher at 10 times the food, heats up the light of the re-flowing ball, and the light grows darker and grows However, the appearance of the mirror ball is lower, and the readability of CD-R discs is lower than that of CD-ROMs, which are prepared in an industrial way.
On disks that can be rewritten, CD-RWs have a restructuring ball of vikonaniya from organic spoluks, which are called Cyanine and Phtalocyanin, as it may be the power of the amorphous laser to change the phase back to the crystalline stage. Such a change in the phase stance is supervised by a change in vision of the ball. When heated by a laser change to a very critical temperature, the material of the re-jet ball goes into an amorphous mill and gets lost in a new process, and when heated to a temperature, it is significantly lower than the critical standard (first crystal). For disks that can be rewritten, the restructable ball will ring out from gold, silver, some from aluminum and yogo alloys.
Available CD-RW-discs, which can be rewritten, can be written from decile thousand to tens of thousands of cycles during rewriting. However, the difference is lower for stamped CD-ROM and CD-R. At the connection to the CD-RW readout, as a rule, there is a special drive with automatic adjustments to the power of the photoset. However, є models of CD-ROM drives that can be read as Multiread, which will prevent reading CD-RW discs.
Transfer of CD-R / RW discs - the stench of darkness and fading out of harmony with the older ones, the smallest ball of gold and the smallest amount of acidity before oxidation, less aluminum from the larger number of stamped CD-ROM discs. Inadequacies of CD-R / RW discs - the material of a CD-R / RW disc re-flowing ball is more sensitive to the light and also oxidized and distributed. In addition, the restructuring plavka is located in a kind of station and is even more sensitive to impacts and deformation of the disk.
Information on a CD-R can be recorded in a number of ways.
The best way to write a disk in one pass (disk-at-once), if the file from the hard disk is written without the middle in one session and adding information to the disk is unwise. For every view, the way of recording a lot of sessions (track-at-once) allows you to record some tracks (tracks) and step-by-step increase the amount of information on the disk.
For example, CD-R and CD-RW are available in two versions: with a standard interface for connecting to a pink IDE (E-IDE) and with a high-speed SCSI interface. The name CD-RW drives are available with SCSI and USB interfaces.
The volume of the cache memory is important for the recording attachments, some of the data itself is accumulated in them, which comes from the hard disk. The average cache memory size is 2 - 4 MB. Most popular on the Russian market є accumulate with trademarks Panasonic, Sony, Ricoh, Teac, Yamaha. Most expensive and expensive models are produced by Plextor and Hewlett-Packard. Among the inexpensive IDE drives are the popular Mitsumi models.
The founders of the forged development of CD-technologies appeared:
modified CD-R discs with a capacity of up to 870 MB - 1 GB, released by Traxdata, Philips and Sony;
Double Density CD standard, Sony proponents for discs with all modifications (CD, CD-R, CD-RW), which allows the speed of traditional CDs to be up to 1.3 GB or 150 audio information;
an FMD-ROM disk, which can accommodate up to 100 work balls, there is a total of at least 140 GB. The skin ball of such a disc is to take revenge on the luminescent speech, which is viprominu light before the exchange, which reads. The leather ball is glowing in a fashionable way, and at the same hour it is miraculously penetrating for laser exchanges, so that it allows you to read information instantly from decal balls.
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With the massive commercialization of CDs, CDs are made to be stamped or pressed, and not vypaluvannya behind the aid of a laser, like a lot of hto vvazhaє (div. Baby lower). If you want a laser and get stuck for stained tribute on a scaly meister disk covered with a light-sensitive material, it is not practical to vip the discs without a second when releasing hundreds of thousands of copies.
The main stages of the CD-ROM display are shown below.
Application of a photoresistor ball. A round plate from a polished fold with a diameter of 240 mm and a thickness of 6 mm is covered with a ball of a photoresistor for about 150 microns, in order to burn at a temperature of 80 ° C (176 ° F) with a stretch of 30 quilines.
1. Laser recording. The Laser Beam Recorder (LBR) empowered the pulse of the blue violet light to light up and release the light of the photoresistor ball to the glass mister disk.
2. Formation of the meister-disk. The chipping of the disc is filled with sodium hydroxide (sodium hydroxide), which is exposed by the laser to form the depressions in the photoresistor ball.
3. Electrolytic formulation. For an additional process, which is called electroplating, before the preparation of the master-disk, it is covered with a ball of nickel alloy. The result is a metal meister disc, which I will call the father's disc.
4. Submitted to the master disk. Then the metal matrix appears to the sklya myster disk. Vaughn є with a metal meister-disk, which can be used for making small batches of disks, as the matrix can be used more quickly. It is most often the case for a maister disk to be produced to a single base, so that by the method of electroforming, more than a few negative copies of the disk (which are called mothers) are formed. Negative copies of the Mister-disk will be used for the root of the robotic matrix, as they will be for the process of mass circulation of CDs. Tse permissive stampuvati great number disks without repetition of the process of forming a sklyny meister disk
5. Stamping disc. The metal working matrix is stuck in the liveried machines for the formation of the principle of imaging the data (upadin and majdanchikiv) at the melted polycarbonate mass with a volume of about 18 g at a temperature of 350 ° C (or 662 ° F). The force of the grip reaches approximately 20,000 pounds per square inch. As a rule, in the case of current thermal stamping presses, the preparation of the skin disc is not more than three seconds.
6. Metallization. For the stem surface, which is driven in, a thin (0.05–0.1 micron) ball of aluminum is applied to the stamping disc for additional filing.
7. Zahisne pokrittya. For the removal of aluminum sludge from oxidized onto metallization disc behind the centrifuge, a thin (6-7 micron) ball of acrylic varnish is applied, which is harder before the ultraviolet exchanges.
8. Kintseviy product. On completion, on the surface of the disc, using a stencil method, the text of the label is applied, either as a picture, but also on the surface of the ultraviolet changes. The process of making discs from given CD-ROMs and music CDs is practically the same as CD-ROM (eng. Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, read: "cidi-rom") - a kind of CD with data recorded on them, available only for reading ( read-only memory - memory "only for reading"). CD-ROM - an updated version of CD-DA (a disc for saving audio recordings), which allows you to take on new digital data (physically from the first one, I don't know, I change the format of the data). More recently, the version has been broken down into one-time recording (CD-R), or overwriting (CD-RW) information onto a disc. A further development of CD-ROM-disks became DVD-ROM disks. CD-ROM discs are popular and have been found useful for expanding software security, computer games, multimedia and other tributes. CD-ROM (and for the most part, DVD-ROM) has become the main carrier for transferring information between computers, a floppy disk has been installed from a single role (at the same time, it is necessary to move on to a roll of more promising solid-state media). The format will be recorded on a CD-ROM as well as transferring to one disc the information about the change - one hour like a computer's data (files, software, reading is available only on a computer), as well as audio recordings on an audio CD , video, text and pictures. Such discs, according to the order of the tributes, are called vyskonaleniyam.
Most frequent term CD-ROM pomilkovo vikoristovuyut for the designation of the drives themselves (attachments) for reading the cich disks (correct - CD-ROM Drive, CD-drive).
28. The principle of dії struma druku with electrostatic keruvans. Advantages and shortcomings.
Continuous ink-feed printer. Ridina is struck by the vibrator to prevent the siege. The speck is straight, either on the papier, or the prodovzhu dal circulating (fallen out of the signals, how to control). Ridina is served with a grip, crushed into drops, the stench is charged and charged with electrodes.
Perevagi: Visibility of double roses and cables; Noiselessness of robots; Visoka is a friend; Perfection of ink supply; Nemaє loading.
Incomplete: Low speed of transmission of tributes; The need to install a printer; Nevisoka svidkist friend
29. SATA interface... Architecture, characteristics. ATA (eng. Serial ATA) - The last-named interface for exchanging data from accumulated information. SATA є a branch parallel to the ATA (IDE) interface, which is why SATA will be renamed to PATA (Parallel ATA). SATA Standard Transmission Possibility to replace the 15-pin connector with the standard 4-pin Molex connector.
Vikoristannya one hour both types of power roses can be brought up to the building of an annex. The SATA interface has two data transmission channels, from the controller to the attachment and from the attachment to the controller. To transmit the signal, the LVDS technology is used, and the skin bets are dart with screened twisted pairs.
There is also a 13-pin SATA connection for use in servers, mobile and portable attachments for thin storage devices. Warehouse for a 7-pin rose for connecting a bus and a 6-pin rose for connecting to an annex. For connecting to these attachments on the servers, you can use a special link.
30. Plasma panels. Principle of dії, characteristics. Gas-discharging screen (also widely used in the English tracing paper "plasma panel") - setting the display of information, monitor, displaying the light of the phosphor for every ultraviolet market in every Plasma panel robots are stored in three stages: іnіtsіalіzatsіya, in the course of which it is necessary to adjust the position of charges in the middle and її preparatory to the offensive stage (addressing). At the same time, there is a daylight on the electrodes, and an impulse for the communication is given to the electrodes. skidchasty viglyad... At the first stage of the impulse, it is necessary to start the order of the expansion of the gas supply system, at the other stage, the discharge from the gas, and at the third stage, the completion of the ordering of the address, in the course of which the preparation of the powder is being prepared. A positive impulse (+75) is supplied to the address bus, and a negative one (-75) to the scan bus. On the tire, a positive pressure is supplied to the tire, and a negative impulse is supplied to the tire, an average 190 V. For the discharge to be repeated, the repeated growth of the ions at the tires is scanned and passed. Change the polarity of the pulses before re-discharge at the plasma. This rank, the changing polarity of the impulses, will ensure that the bagatoraz discharge is in the middle. One cycle "іnіtsіalіzіya - addressing - pіdsvіchuvannya" approves the formulation of one subfield of the image. The storage space can be used to preserve the image of the given contrast. In such a rank, when a high-frequency voltage is brought to the electrodes, the ionization of the gas is generated, or the plasma is established. Plasma displays a high-frequency discharge, which can be produced to ultraviolet viprominuvannya, like a luminophore wiklica: a red, green or blue. The price of light passing through the front glass plate is rubbed into the eye with a glance.
31. Attachments for reading electronic books. Principle of dії, indicators.
The basis (lining) of the screen is sklyana (for the E-ink Vizplex, Pearl, Karta, Triton models) or a plastic (for the E-ink Mobius model or E-ink Flex) plate with a thickness of three less than half a millimeter. On n_y there is a lower electrodes, above the yokes of the loosening, a ball of special projection microcapsules. The diameter of the skin microcapuul is approximately equal to the diameter of a human hair. Microcapsule and at least you can point on e-ink screens.
E-ink display
Above the microcapsules, the upper holes of the electrodes were mounted, fastened to the upper plate to the screen. The plate is prepared from the clear plastic. Along the contour of the display, the top plate is scraped with a sealant.
All the middle of the skin microcapsules are placed on special microgranules - found particles of pink color powder. The black-and-white screens have a stench of two colors - black and white. Colored screens have microgranules and other colores. About їх number and colors of virobniks are not familiar. The main feature of large micro-granules is that they are attracted to the electrodes when they are fed to a new negative potential, and black ones - when they are positive.
When boiled onto the surface of the microcapsules, the microgranules are filled with the upper surface, and when the black ones are boiled into the black ones. Even at the surface there is a lot of large and black microgranules of rivn - the color of such a capsule will be sirim. Modern e-ink displays of Vizplex, Pearl, Karta, E-ink Mobius models can be displayed in 16 colors from white to black.
For that, as a spite of the electrodes, one knows the microcapsules of the microgranules, so they get lost in the same position, as the stench has taken over the electric field. Tobto, the e-ink screen itself respects the energy only at the moment of a change to a new image.
32. IEEE1394 interface. Architecture, characteristics.
IEEE 1394 (FireWire, i-Link) - the last high-speed bus, designed for the exchange of digital information between a computer and other electronic attachments.
Cable є 2 Viti bet- A and B, soldered from A to B, and on the other side of the cable from B to A. It is also a flexible and optional living guide.
Attach your mother to chotiroh ports (roses). One topology can contain up to 64 annexes. The maximum speed in the topology is 16. The topology is tree-like, closed loops are not allowed.
When you are attached to an attachment, you can see a slip of a tire, when you choose to attach it to yourself, you start thinking about it, and you can call it "headache" for a suspension. The design of the head attachment by the eye is logical and straightforwardness of the skin extension to the cable - to the head or to the head. Pislya ts'go mozhliva distribution of numbers in annexes. For distribution of numbers in the form of a visit to the annexes.
Per hour of distribution of numbers on the bus and the number of traffic packages, leather from which to place a number of ports on the annex, as well as the organization of the skin port - not connecting / to the head / to the head, and also the maximum width of the skin connection (2) The controller 1394 accepts packets, for which the driver stack will be a topology map (links between annexes) and traffic (the most traffic is on the way from the controller to the annex).
Bus operations are asynchronous and isochronous.
Asynchronous operations - the entire writing / reading of a 32-bit word, a block of words, as well as atomic operations. Asynchronous operations on the basis of 24-bit addresses in the boundaries of the skin attachment and 16-bit numbers of the attachments (sub-bridges). Deyak_addresses are reserved for the head of the Keruyuch_registry of annexes. Asynchronous operations generate two-phase display - power supply, intermediate display, then residual display.
Isochronous operations - the whole transfer of data packets at a rhythm, suvoro timed to a rhythm of 8 KHz, so that the driver of the bus can set the process to record transactions at the register of the flow hour. Replace the address in the izochronous traffic with the number of channels from 0 to 31. Pidtverzheni not transferred, which isochronous operations є one-way change.
Isochronous operations require a view of the isochronous resources - the number of the channel and the bandwidth. A whole lot of atomic asynchronous transactions are standard addresses of one of the bus attachments, in the same way as the "manager of isochronous resources".
In addition to the cable implementation of the bus, the standard is described and paid for (implementation of the unavoidable).
33. Technologies for preparing RK-screens. That passive matrix is active. Interface for connection.
That passive matrix is active. Connection interface. Technologies of the RK matrix: The matrix forces can be distributed to active and passive. Passive matrices It is stored in a row, connected to a straight mesh, a yak can be fed with a sprinkle, which is controlled. The electrical power of the skin during the first hour for recharging, after which the image takes a trivial hour. RK is the main source of victory for the protection of merit. Matrix is active. In active matrices, as well as in passive matrices, there is one electrode on the skin lump. (Ale, the skinny pixel of the screen is less than a little bit old, which will reduce the hour of mixing the springs on the electrodes, to move the transistor attached to the skin middle, the matrix will memorize all the elements of the screen at the moment) Such a matrix is based on the principle of operational memory. The price for the given moment is the most widespread type of RK matrices. The technology is based on two new technologies in one. TN technology: If the transistor is located at the installed station and does not cross the electric field, the RK molecules are located at their normal station and vibrate so that the polarization of the collar can be changed to pass through them at 90 degrees. It should be noted that the molecules are in the twisted mill, it is surely one spiral. If the transistor generates an electric field, all RK molecules vibrate in a parallel line of polarization.
34. Sensory-resistance-resistive screens. The principle of dії, perevaga and shortcomings.
The principle of robotic displays is simple and similar to the matrix one. At the end of the day, the guides will be replaced by special information exchanges. Navkolo given to the screen go through the frame, in yak є vbudovanі vipromіnuvachі and priymachі. Yakshto clamber on the screen, deyakі exchanges will be crooked, і the stench can reach the vlasnaya point of the sign, the priymach itself. Through the way, the controller will count the contact. Some screens can miss the light, the stench of the dovish, the smack of the sensitive touch of the dumb and the mechanical tinkling in the back does not appear. However, such displays do not at once show high accuracy and be afraid of any difficulties. Hour diagonal frame of such a display can reach up to 150 inches.
Projection technology.
Attachment to be stored with two pads on which two balls of electrodes are applied by a dielectric and to set the grid to be victorious. And at the point of the dotting, there is a change of heart.
Positive qualities: superior performance at low temperatures, high light transmission, adaptable multi touch technology.
Incomplete: a necessary structural item.
35. The principle injected into the modem. Specifications.
The modem will secure the conversion of the digits to the signal of the changing frequency and range - the whole process of modulation, as well as the revolving revision of demodulation.
Modulation of the process of changing one number of parameters of the input signal following the law of the input signal. At the same time, the input signal є, as a rule, is digital and is designated as modulo. Outbound signal can be used as analog and often referred to as modulated signal.
Classification of modems:
1. Behind the type of vicarist channel
2. For shvidkistyu
3. By galuza storing
4. For the Viscounts
5. Zasobami management
Main types of modulations:
1. Fazova. When the phase modulation is logically equal to zero, the signals of the same amplitude and frequency are displayed, albeit behind the phase. The phase of an incongruous change in a stripe-like manner during the transition of a discrete signal to an alternate direction.
2. Amplitude modulation. When the amplitude modulation changes, the amplitude of the unsuccessful
3. Frequency modulation. For a logical unit of a logical zero, a sinusoid of two frequencies is vibrated.
36. Methods of modulation of transmission signals through communication channels.
Signal modulation methods:
What is the rank of the modem to transmit the last two bits over the telephone lines?
With regard to transmissions, transmission lines may be interconnected with smug throughput: in fact - trochas more than 3 kHz. This means that such a line cannot transmit signals, the frequency of which changes is 3 kHz. The lowest interworking frequency range of the telephone line is a few tens of hertz.
To transfer data by telephone lines, you can use old methods of modulation analog signals Mozhyly, see you from the institute course of radio engineering. A telephone line is used to transmit a signal, the frequency of which does not go beyond the smug line. Yomu supervodzhu informatsionny signal, which often changes the characteristics of a non-random signal (amplitude, frequency, and phase). On the positive side of the stench, there is one out of one behind the additional operation, as it is called detection.
Amplitude modulation
Amplitude modulation is based on the change in the amplitude of a non-valid signal by a signal that is transmitted. Won’t be victorious in the middle of the day.
A signal of a sinusoidal form is transmitted via the telephone line, with a low frequency, for example, 1 kHz: one signal is generated with a high amplitude, and zero - with a small one.
Such a signal can be transmitted by telephone lines, prote, yogo form ( no information about the transmission of the tribute) is subdued until it is through a pereshkod on the line. As a result, the method is vicious only for the transmission of data with even low speed - close to dozens of bit / s.
Frequency modulation
Frequency modulation is used for radio transmission in the ultra-short range. When a signal is detected with a frequency modulation, the amplitude of the signal is not high, so the overscoding does not flow into the signal. If you want to see it, compare the quality of the radio transmissions to the pre-range LW range (to stop the amplitude modulation) and to the ultra-short range FM range from the frequency modulation.
For frequency modulation transmission of double data, code a zero value with a tone at a frequency, for example, 1 kHz, and singly - with a tone at a frequency of 2 kHz.
Frequency modulation will prevent a short transfer from a transcript at a normal amplitude modulation, the transmission rate by this method still does not change 1,200 bit / s. The interconnecting factor is vuzka smuga throughput of telephone lines.
Phase modulation
The list of shorter results went far to reach the point of storing the so-called phase modulation. At the same frequency, the signal will be overshadowed by a steady state, and the modulation will be overshadowed by a phase-shifted signal (Fig. 2-8). The width of the smuga throughput is not critically important, so this method will ensure the speed of transmission of data is close to 4800 bit / s.
Quadrature amplitude-phase modulation
Protest and speed, which is expensive 4800 b / s, is absolutely inadequate. For the connection from the vuzkosmugov telephone channel, everything on the premises is “invented” by the quadrature amplitude-phase modulation, which is, by the way, a combination of the amplitude and phase modulation: the
Here the digital value v1 is set at the signal amplitude a1 and phase f1. At the time of the hour, one of the discrete values is transmitted through the analog channel, with a specific amplitude and phase. Thus, both the amplitude and the phase can accept positive and negative values, the points of all possible digital values, which are transmitted, straightened at all the quadrants of the coordinate area, shown in Fig. 2-9. You can, in fact, give the type of modulation by calling it quadrature amplitude-phase modulation.
So, from the point of view of the quadrature amplitude-phase modulation, the modems began to transmit data from an alarmingly great speed - up to 33,600 bit / s. Well, before the small increase in the amount of money, then, nachebto, all the possibilities are already victorious. However, there was another reserve.
37. Main constructive components of HDD. Main indicators of НDD.
Main components of HDD storage
Before the main elements of the design, disks, reading / recording heads, the mechanism of the head drive, the drive of the disk drive, the board is handled with keruvanny circuits, cables and roses and configuration elements (jumpers, remixes).
Disks have the following sizes: 5.25 ”; 3.5 "; 1.8 "; one"; Compact Flash Type II, PC Card Type II.
Pokrittya disks
1. Oxide ball - polymeric coating with a liquid oxide.
2. A thin-melted ball - an alloy of cobalt, by filing or galvanizing.
3. Suspended antiferomagnet (AFC) - stored in 2 balls, separated by a thin ruthenium, more magnetic balls.
Reading / writing heads.
The dermal head, behind the auxiliary spring, is pressed against the disk, and all press against each other for one hour. Gap 0.4μinch or 10nm.
Mechanism of the actuator
1. A small dvigun - an electric motor, a rotor which turns the block of heads onto the singing cube.
2. Move from a ruddy cat. The crumbled coil is secured behind the head block and is located at the field of the permanent magnet. Changing the boiler replaces the block of heads from the inlet to the stream, which is against.
The servo-drive system is installed in the engine with a ruffled cat. For a dvigun with a ruffled cat, they develop mechanisms:
a) Linear - a block of heads, which is shifted by the radius of the disk at the same time.
b) Swivel - up to the rugged coil, attach the heads, then turn to the azimuth cue.
Servo drive
Ways to induce the ringing loops:
I. With the additional wedge - information to be recorded in the upper sector of the skin cylinder in front of the index mite (read 1 time per revolution).
II. From vbudovanimi codes - retractions of the options for the additional wedge. Information to be recorded with a list of the skin cylinder that sector.
ІІІ. Specialized disc - information to be recorded on the working surface of the seen disc. Servo head Tilka in reading mode. Information is read out permanently.
Purpose: Correction of the position of the heads is recorded in the Gray code. when going from 1 number to the offensive, there will be no more 1 double code.
For an accurate positioning of the head, a laser sight is selected, and the visualization is started by the method of interference. To increase the temperature, all heads are changed from 0 to any cylinder. Amendments will be written to the memory of the accumulator. When calibrated, all exchanges and processes are pinned. Bagato nakakichuvachiv є pidtrimka AIV. Calibruvannya to start up after exchanging data. Svіpuvannya disc zdіysnyu automatically moving the head to a vypadkovo vibran drive.
Powdered filters
Filters of recirculation at the HAD unit for cleaning the internal atmosphere.
Barometric filter of values for virivnyuvannya vise in the middle and the unit for adjusting the gap and working surface.
Rivn of the sea (-300m to 3000m)
With temperature drops, aclimatization is required. (+4 required 14 years acclimatization).
Spindle dvigun.
The values for the disc wrapping are located on the first axis of the 12 Volt voltage. Dodatkovo up to kulkovyh bearings, the viscoplastic mastication is viscous.
Keruvannya fee
The hermoblots have a controller, in front of the noise, commutators, signal formators.
Main elements of the controller block:
1. Keruyuchiy microcontroller - 8 or 16-bit controller of the designation will secure the mode of all blocks of accumulation and communication from the external interface.
2. Buffer memory up to 10 MB. victorious for keshuvannya and write down the amendments.
3. Block keruvannya spindle motor.
4. Block of position control. The shape of the impulse is the transition from the cylinder to the cylinder.
5. The commutator of the heads for the formation of the strum will be recorded and transferred to the reader.
6. Channel for reading / recording - the purpose of the channel is to see from the signal, the sync pulse and form the signals to record.
7. Servo tag director - video servocode.
8. HDC hard disk controller. Vykonuє basic functions, tied to the reading and writing of the tributes.
Cables and roses
Interface: 40, 50, 80 pins.
Rose is standard living, rose is for grounding.
For storage of external attachments, USB, Fire Wire, Fiber Channel, LPT-port.
Main characteristics of HDD:
The formatted mnist is an exchange of cor- porate information, so that it’s a sum of fields from all available sectors. Unformatted the maximum number of beats, which can be recorded on all tracks of the disc, including service information (sector headers, control codes and data fields). The formatted and unformatted capacities are assigned by the track format.
The speed of the spindle wrapping, which is shown in revolutions for the slime, allows one to judge bit by bit about the productivity (internal speed).
The interface is the way to connect the accumulator.
About the buffer memory, the power of keshuvannya (reading, writing, rich segmentation, adaptability).
Internal organization parameters:
The number of physical disks and working surfaces, which can be used for the collection of donations. There is a very small number of discs (1-2) for lodging the head unit. A large number of disks (and a great height) are characteristic of old people who accumulate and who are lucky enough to accumulate a great number.
The number of physical heads for reading-writing, naturally, is formed from a number of working surfaces. Significantly, the number of heads (and working surfaces) can be or less than the number of discs - you can use the skin system and such models. It should be used for the disposal of disks, in which one surface appears to be a wormhole, or from other technological mirkuvans.
There is a physical number of cylinders from several hundreds, lured first winches, has grown up to tens of thousands.
The size of the sector for a warehouse is 512 bytes.
Number of zones and number of sectors on the track at the extreme zones.
Servo marking, or servo heads can be used on visible surfaces, on working surfaces or hybrid
The coding-decoding method can be MFM, RLL, PRML.
The need for an attachment and the reliability of the collection of donations is characterized by the following parameters:
It’s an hour before you see it, it’s going to take hundreds of thousands of years, є, obviously, an average statistic for a given virob.
More valuable for a koristuvach є a guarantee term, by holding out a vyrobnik (or a postmaster) I will secure a repair or replace an annex that I have seen.
Impossibility of unjustified pardons for daily wins, the order of one pardon for 1014 bites.
The number of grants may be the order of one for the 10th number of battles.
The imperfection of the pardon is a little characterizing the quality of the servo system. Happy Winchesters are characterized by the possibility of one pardon for 108 operations. The number of pardons (with a small number) is not too long, the small number of the cylinder in the heading of the skin sector does not allow me to miss the mark during operation, or I will write it down. Repeated operations will only reduce the average hour of access less than three times.
38. Ponyattya 3D - conveyor. Understand the "trivial graph".
3D conveyor
Try to get help mathematical models- the very "leading point" at the end of the image rejection on the screen, which is called a 3D pipeline (3D Pipeline).
The conveyor is stored at the beginning stages:
1. Viznachennya stanu ob'єktіv (Situation modeling) - tsya part of the programs can not be directly connected to the computer graphics, there is a model of that light, which is displayed on the back. For example, in the Quake game there are the rules of the grid and the physical laws of changing the gravity, the piece-wise intelligence of monsters too.
2. The value of geometric models related to the flow mill (Geometry generation) is a part of the conveyor that leads to the geometric manifestation of the flow moment of our little "virtual light".
3. Rozbittya geometric models on primitive (Tesselation) - the number of the first is actually fallen out of the apparatus of the stage. At this point, there is a call to a set of singing primitives, zooms, and information from the front of the conveyor. We will broaden the most primitive in our hour - tricycle, and a large number of current programs are welcomed by the tricytes themselves. On the tricytes, it is possible to break out any flat bagatokutnik, and in just three points it is possible to unambiguously set the area in the open space.
4. Attachment of textures and illumination (Texture and light definition) - at the th stage, it starts, as there will be illumination of geometric primitives (tricycles), as well as the way they need to be overlaid with textures (Textures: images, to convey to the call ob'kta, that is not geometrical visual information (a good butt of texture - a pisok on an absolutely equal beach). As a rule, at this stage of information, it is not necessary to calculate primitive for the vertices.
5. Kinds of geometrical re-implementation (Projection) - here new coordinates of all peaks of primitives from the camp of the sposter and the first glance begin. The scene is like a bi-projected on the surface of the monitor, re-transformed into a double world, I want information about going from a sposter to the heights to be saved for a fake processing.
6. Seeing invisible primitives (Culling) - at the first stage from the list of primitives, invisible ones are included (they have gone too far behind or sideways from the visibility zone).
7. Installation of primitives (Setup) - here the information about primitives (coordinates of vertices, overlaying textures, illumination) is transformed into a view, which is suitable for the next stage. (For example: the coordinates of the points of the buffer for the screen of textures are at the integer of the number of the fixed size, because of the practical equipment).
8. Filling primitives (Fill) - at the first stage, completely, and will be sent to the frame buffer (memory, introduced from the resulting image) of the picture based on information about the primitive, formed along the front Such, like textures, tables, fog, and thinness. As a rule, at the first stage for the skin point, the primitive, how to get too far, start with the visibility, for example, behind the additional buffer of glybin (Z-buffer), if you are not overshadowed by the nearest one to the point that is common. The color design is based on information about the illumination and texture overlay that was previously assigned to the vertices of this primitive. Most of the characteristics of the conveyor, which can be gleaned from the description, can be applied to the whole stage, some in the main male stage of the conveyor can be accelerated separately (in the case of inexpensive and available boards).
9. Final processing (Post processing) - processing of all the resulting images as one whole, be-like two-sided effects.
The stages of the conveyor can be rearranged in pieces, broken into parts, or madness. In other words, the stench may be too vzagal (ridko) or it may appear new (often). First and foremost, the result of the robotic skin from them can be sent back (in bypassing the stages). For example, a picture, rendered at the last stage, can be victorious as a new texture for the 8th, realizing the effect of a surface (mirror) in such a rank, which is added.
39. Projectors. The principle of dії. Specifications.
Multimedia projector є autonomous optical attachment, which opens the flat image on great screen for the help of the project on the information screen, go to the projector. Dzherelom vivedenoi information for modern multimedia projectors can be practically inexpensive, as well as video-programmers, computers, new hard drives, flash drives, smartphones, devices and electronic tablets On the current day, the market is presented with no models, from budgetary prices of 10 thousand rubles to expensive premium add-ons at a price of several thousand dollars.
See the projector
Specifications:
1 Matrix size, as well as її fiz size
3.Technology (DLP, LCD)
4.Interface (fiwi, Ethernet
5.waga projector
Multimedia projectors can be divided into several categories:
Professional solutions for rozvag, cinema, great presentations. The price of high-tech annexes of great revolutions.
Projectors for business and education - tse attachments with high characteristics and rozrahovani on the top of the head and post-robots.
Multimedia projectors for the home - freeze for the opening of home cinema, for іgor and rozvag. The prices of annexes that are available, more buyers are available, and even a few water hours are satisfied with all the necessary benefits.
40. Vlashtuvannya video storage. The principle of dії. Specifications.
Video storage refers to the process of converting analog video to a digital video view with the added savings on digital information media. Naybіlsh standard butt video storage - digitalization of TV broadcast or VHS cassette on a specially owned PC. Video decoder: signal reception, digitalization, digital decoding in YUV format and transmission of the signal to the video controller. Video controller: converting the signal from RGB, organizing memory storage in the buffer, overriding the data from the DAC, form live TV movie from the rotating analog conversion of the digital captured image, transmitting the VGA signal from the video adapter. Receiving low-frequency signals 2. Displaying the video at the window. 3. 4. Frozen frame. Faster frame in graphic standards (TIF, PCX, IGA, GIF). Characteristics of video lasers. 1. Low-frequency video signal format 1. How do you see the signals in color and color? Get rid of the comb and dark filters for the bed. As soon as the RGB feed is victorious, then the modulation and code are displayed. 2. Glybin digitized - the number of bits for one view.
Attach your CD-ROM drive.
CD-ROM drive is a folding electronic-optical-mechanical device for reading information from laser disks. A typical drive is stored from the electronics board (one two and three boards is a spindle control circuit and an optical pickup driver), a spindle unit, an optical readout of a drive head and a disk drive.
On the electronics board:
- the scheme to make it stronger and better to the signal from the optohead;
- PLL circuits for the signal and ACS of the spindle;
- processing of the Reed-Solomon code;
- CAP diagrams focusing on exchanging that dynamical block behind the track;
- control scheme for moving the optohead;
- management process (logic);
- memory buffer;
- interface with controller (IDE / SCSI / інші);
- roses to the interface and the sound signal output;
- block of jumper modes (jumper / jumper).
A typical drive is stored from the electronics board, the spindle motor, the optical reading head system and the disk locking system. On the electronics board, all the key circuits to the drive, the interface with the computer controller, the interface and the audio signal output. The majority of drives drive one electronics board, protects in some models around the circuitry to win on additional small payments.
Vuzol spindle (Dvigun and vasne spindle with disc trimach) serve for wrapping the disc. Zvvychay disk to wrap around with a continuous line shvidkistyu, which means that the spindle changes the frequency of the wrapping, lying down to the radio of the road, which reads the optohead at once. When the head is moved from the outer radius of the disk to the inner disk, it is guilty of a quick change in the speed of the wrapping, which is due to the fact that the spindle motor requires a good dynamic characteristic. Dvigun vikoristovuєtsya yak for driving, and galvanizing disk.
On the axis of the spindle motor (or in the case of strong bearings) the spindle is firmly fastened, so that the disk is pressed into place. The top of the spindle is covered with hum or soft plastic to make the disc lick, I want only the top notch in the progressive designs to make the disc fit the spindle accurate. Pressing the disk down to the spindle go behind the additional upper notch, which is removed from the side of the disk. In some constructions, the spindle and the print are to replace the permanent magnets, the force of the heavy press to the spindle is through the disk to the spindle. In the first designs for a wide range of spinal springs or flat springs.
Optical head system to build from the very head of the system of movement. In the case of the head, the laser vipromynuvach is based on the infrared laser light, the focusing system, the photo pickup and the front-to-back driver. Focusing systemє A collapsed lens, which is brought into ruin by an electromagnet system of a voice coil (sound coil), broken down by analogy with a collapsed Guchnomov system. The change in the strength of the magnetic field is the effect of the shift of the line and the refocusing of the laser change. The winners of small energy efficiency such a system efficiently maintains the vertical bit of the disk to wind with significant wrapping speed.
Head displacement system there is a power drive motor, which can drive the carriage with an optical head behind the aid of a gear or worm gear. To enable backlash, it is necessary to adjust the cob strains: with worm gears - spring bags, with gears - springing in different sides of the gears wager. Yak dvigun zzvychay vikoristovutsya small dvigun, і nagato rіdshe - collector dvigun of the post-struma.
Disk locking system there are three options: from the special cassettes for the disk (caddy), which can be inserted into the nearest drive (similar to how a 3 "floppy disk is inserted into the drive), from the visors of the hanging tray (tray), on which the disk itself is placed, Retractable System from Tray
On the front panel The drive is equipped with an Eject button for locking / unlocking a disk, a feed indicator for a drive and a slot for connecting headphones with an electronic or mechanical regulator of purity. For a number of models, the Play / Next button is added to start the progression of sound discs and the transition between sound tracks.
The majority of drives also have a small opening on the front panel, indications for an emergency disk drive in quiet drops, if it is not a matter of an emergency method to break it down - for example, when you go out of the tray drive, or all CD-ROMs, if any other vividness is lost. In the opening, you need to insert a pin, or if the clip is straightened, and it is neatly tightened - if you know the blocking of the tray or the disk case, you can hang it by hand all from shlitsem).
Block diagram of CD-ROM
Functional diagram of CD-ROM
Another important component of the attachment is an optical-electronic system for reading information. Unimportant on small sizes, the qia system is even foldable and precise optical adjustment.
Won stock from:
- servo-system for keruvannya disc wraps;
- servo positioning of the laser attachment for reading;
- autofocus servo systems; servo-system for radial stizhennya;
- systems and reading;
- laser diode control circuits
The servo system for controlling the disc wrapping will secure the steel of the linear performance to the back of the drive for reading on the disc with laser beams. At the same time, the width of the disc wrapping should lie from the side of the reading head to the center of the disc, so from the minds of reading the information.
The servo system for positioning the head reading information will ensure that the head is smoothly brought up to a given road, I will write it down, as it does not change half the width of the road in the modes of reading the necessary information fragment and the normal output. Moving the head of the reading, and at the same time with it and the laser exchange along the field of the disk, move the head moving. The movement of the robot is controlled by signals of direct and rotary displacement, coming from the control processor, as well as signals, which are vibrated by the processor of radio grants.
The servo-system of the radial system will ensure that the exchange of the laser for the road and the optimal information readout is reduced. The robotic systems are based on the methods of three lights. The essence of the method of polarization is at the base of the main exchange of the laser behind an additional diffraction grating on three sides of the exchange, which may be insignificant. The Central Svitlovaya beach is victorious to read information for robotic systems and autofocus. Two small exchanges rozstashivayutsya in front and behind the main exchange with minor changes to the right and left. Signal of unsuccessful changes in the position of the sensors in the position of the injected on the drive wheel, wiping if necessary to correct the position of the central exchange.
The accuracy of the radial cutting system can be monitored due to the change in the signal of unsuccessfulness, so that it can be applied to the cutting drive.
Control of the vertical displacement of the line, so focus, go ahead with the servo focus. The system will provide precise focusing of the laser exchange in the process of the robot on the working surface of the disk. To fix the start of the CD, to fix the focus on maximum pryvnyu output signal of the photodetector matrix and the minimum value of the signal of the detector grabbing in the exact focus and passing zero focus. At the moment of the start of the disc, the processor of the CD-ROM drive will beep, signaling that it will not be able to change the focus line (two three times), which is necessary for accurate focusing of the exchange for the disc drive. For an hour, the focus is on a signal that allows the information to be read. As soon as it sent two or three probes, the signal does not appear, the processor keruvannya vimikє all the systems and that disk to stop. Thus, the propriety of the focusing system can be judged both from the characteristic collapses of the focusing line at the moment of the disc start, and from the start of the signal to the mode of accelerating the disc at the same focus of the laser exchange.
The system of reading information is to reveal the photodetector matrix and differential signals. The normal robot of the whole system can be judged from the high-frequency signals at the input when the disc is wrapped.
The control system of the laser diode will secure the nominal strum of the diode in the modes of starting the disk and reading the information. I am familiar with normal robotic systems є the presence of an HF signal with an amplitude of close to 1 at the outputs of the system.
The system will record, read and read the information and start the general functional diagram of the CD-ROM, presented on the functional diagram. In addition to all systems, it includes a sync generator that will provide sync signals to all universities CD-ROM, and an EFM demodulator that will convert 14-bit codes from the disk to an 8-bit last code. The information is consumed by the digital data processor, which at once from the system control processor I will add it to my heart. Here you can see the ringing alternating between the tributes and the correction of pardons. The staff will intervene for a given hour to record the information є "stretching" the skin byte of the information from the frame of the record. At the same time, it’s possible to spend a lot of information frames as a result of the mechanical processing of the surface of the disk, as a result of the vocal interleaving of these data, there will be other pardons in around bytes. These grants are corrected by the scheme of grants correction.
