View signals: analog, digital, discrete. Uzgodzhennya signal z channel zvyazku

As it was already planned more, signals are transmitted unambiguously related to the transmitted messages. Mathematical description of the signal є day function hour s(t). Signals zvyazku can be classified by number of signs.

In the theory of renewal, the signals in the first part of the year are accepted to be divided into determinants (regular) and fluctuations. the signal is called determinate, yakscho wines can be descriptions for the given function of the hour. Otzhe, pіd determinirovanim razumієєsya such a signal, which vidpіdає vіdomu transmitted poіdomlennyu i yakyi can accurately transfer zdalegіd for skіlki zavgodno great gap to the hour. The determined signals are divided into periodic, may be periodic and non-periodic.

In real minds, the signal in the world to the recipient of the distant leg is unknown and cannot be described by the singing function of the hour. Received signals may be non-permissive, vapid character due to several reasons. First, the fact that a regular signal cannot carry information. Indeed, everything was known about the transmitted signal, then it would be necessary to transmit it. Sound on the primal side deakі parameters signal. In another way, the signals may be a vipadkovy character in the case of a different kind of transitions like ovnishnіh (cosmic, atmospheric, industrial and іn.), And internal (noise of lamps, supports, etc.). The signal that is received is also made after passing through the link line, the parameters of which are often the fallback function of the hour.

Model signal zvyazku є more than one function of the hour s(t) , And a set of other functions that represent a vipadkovy process. Skin specific signal є oneіz implementation vipadkovy process, as it is possible to describe a deterministic function of the hour. Often an ensemble of possible reminders (signals) wins over. Zavdannya polagaє that, after the accepted implementation, the sum of the signal with the transition codes is significant, as the notification from the given ensemble was transmitted.

In this manner, the signal is transmitted, which must be considered as impersonal functions, as implementations of the vipadic process. Statistical characteristics of this process are used to describe the power of the signal. However, the solution of the bagatioh of specific tasks is getting twisted in this way. Therefore, the development of signals and their passage through the various lances should be started from other implementations of deterministic functions.

The new description of the signal is not required. Sometimes for the analysis there are quite a few of the most important characteristics, most of the time they show the power of the signal. One of the most important characteristics of the signal trivalityT, it indicates the necessary hour for the channel and is simply tied to the number of messages transmitted by this signal. Another characteristic is spectrum width signal F, as characterizes the behavior of the signal by the stretching of yogo trivality, the speed of yogo change. In the quality of the third characteristic, it would be possible to introduce such a thing, as the initial amplitude of the signal on the length of the first base, for example, tightness. However, the intensity of the signal Rh on its own, it does not signify the transmission of information over real channels by linking with recodes. Therefore, the signal is accepted to characterize the tension tension signal and reshuffle:

how to call a signal overpass over a crossover, or a signal / noise ratio.

Often vykoristuetsya also characteristic of the signal, called dynamic range,

how to determine the interval for changing the signal (for example, the frequency during the transmission of telephone alerts) and pred'yavlyaet in the case of a signal to the linearity of the path. On the other hand, the signal can be characterized as peak factor

what is the maximum value for the signal up to the blowing one. The greater the peak factor of the signal, the stronger will be the energy indicators of the radio engineering annex.

From the point of view of the vibrations over the alternating signals, it is accepted to divide them into video signals (non-modulating) and radio signals (modulating). Sound the spectrum of the video signal of the video signal in the low-frequency region. In case of variable modulation, the video signal is called modulating. The spectrum of the radio signal of the signals was of the deykoї middle frequency in the region of high frequencies. Radio signals can be transmitted by looking at electromagnetic waves.

At the end of the paragraph, we briefly characterize the signals victorious with different types of communication. On fig. 1.2 indications the video signal looks like a continuous pulse sequence. Such a signal is formed with telegraph types of work using a five-digit two-digit code. The width of a range of frequencies, which is required for the transmission of such signals, is 150-200 Hz, for example, with a telegraph machine ST-35 and transmission of 50 characters per second. When transmitting telephone messages, the signal is without interruption.
the functions of the part, as shown in fig. 1.2 b.

V
commercial telephony, the signal is transmitted in mixed frequencies from 300 Hz to 3400 Hz. In motion for a clear transmission of movies and music, a wide range of frequencies is needed from about 40 Hz to 10 kHz. When transferring unruly images to an auxiliary phototelegraph, the signal may look like the indications in fig. 1.Z a.

Vin is a step function. The number of possible equals is equal to the number of transferred volumes and pivtons. For the transmission of vicorists, one or more standard telephone channels. When transmitting rough images to TV towers, 625 rows of radio stations require a wide range of frequencies from 50 Hz to 6 MHz. The signal can be folded discretely - without a break in the structure. Modulating signals may look like the indications in Fig. 1.3 b (with amplitude modulation).

The signal can be characterized by various parameters. Such parametrіv, vzagalі seeming, even rich, but for tasks, yakі be brought to virіshuvati in practice, it's just not a big number. For example, when choosing an accessory for control technological process you may need to know the dispersion of the signal; as a signal of victoriousness for control, this is the source of tension and so on. Three main signal parameters are considered, which are essential for transmitting information over the channel. The first important parameter is the hour of signal transmission T. Another feature P signal that is transmitted over the channel with the same level Pz. Which is more important P split from Pz, Tim less ymovіrnіst pomilkovogo reception. In such a rank, to become an interest of interest P c / P z. It’s handy to be twisted by the logarithm of this blue, calling the signal over the crossroads:

third important parameterє frequency spectrum Fx. These three parameters allow you to detect any signal in the trivial space with coordinates L, T, F looks like a parallelepiped with volume T x F x L x. This tvir is named after the obligatory signal and is indicated through V x

An information channel can also be characterized by three different parameters: T to, The width of the range of frequencies that are transmitted by the channel Fk, і dynamic range channel Dk characterizes its construction to transmit different equal signals.

magnitude

is called the name of the channel.

The transmission of signals is unconquered, it is only possible to understand that the signal, for its own sake, “fits” into the channel capacity.

Otzhe, zagalne umova uzgodzhennya signal s transmission channel of information is attributed to

However, spontaneity is necessary, but not enough intelligence to satisfy the signal from the channel. enough mentalє satisfaction for all parameters:

For the information channel, the following concepts are used: the speed of the input of information, the speed of transmission of information, and the capacity of the channel.

pid quick entry of information (Information flow) I (X) to understand the average amount of information that should be entered into the information channel in one hour. Tsya characteristic dzherel voіdomlen i vyznaєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєє only statisticheschnym vozmozhnosti vіdomlenі.

Speed ​​of transmission of information I (Z, Y) - the average amount of information that is transmitted over the channel in one hour. Won to lie in the statistical power of the signal that is transmitted and in the power of the channel.

Throughput capacity Z - the most theoretically available for this channel speed of transmission of information. This is the characteristic of the channel and does not lie in the statistics of the signal.

With the most effective way of using the information channel, it is necessary to live in before, so that the speed of transmission of information would be closer to building capacity channel. At the same time, the security of the entered information is not responsible for changing the bandwidth of the channel, otherwise not all information will be transmitted over the channel.

The main reason for the dynamic use of the mind is the support of the information channel.

One of the main sources in the theory of information transmission is the designation of the reliability of transmission of information and throughput capacity in the channel parameters and characteristics of the signals and pereskod. Nutrients were first deeply studied by K. Shannon.

The speed of transmission of vimirovalnoj іnformatsiї determines the efficiency of the communication system, which should be included in the militant system.

Simplified schema survival system shown in fig.175.

Sound the first switcher converting the switched value into an electrical signal X (T) which is necessary to convey by call channel. Depending on the fact that it is a communication channel (electric wire or cable, light conductor, water medium, air or airless space), carriers of vimiruval information can be electric jet, light, sound, radio. Selecting the carrier is the first step to improve the signal from the channel.

Specify the characteristics of the communication channel є hour T to, to a stretch of some kind of data for the transmission of vimіryuvalnoї іnformatsії, the width F to i dynamic range H to, for example, to understand the allowable tension in the channel to the tension that is inevitably present in the channel of the shift, expressed in decibels. tvir, dobutok

called єmnistyu channel.

Analogous to the specified characteristics of the signal є hour T s, how long does it take to transmit vimiruval information, the width of the spectrum F c i dynamic range H c - the change in decibels for the maximum intensity of the signal to the minimum intensity, as it is necessary to add zero when setting the transmission capacity. tvir, dobutok

called volume signal.

The geometric interpretation of the introduction of phenomena is shown in fig. 176.

Mindfulness of a signal with a channel, which ensures the transmission of vimiruvalnoy information without loss and making a transition in case of obviousness, to serve as a vikonnannya of nervousness

if the signal is obsyag, it will "fit" into the channel's capacity. However, the mental improvement of the signal from the channel can be fixed and then, if some (but not all) of the remaining irregularities are not fixed. For whomever is guilty of the need for such a name exchange operations, at such values ​​it is possible to "exchange" the trivality of the signal to the width of the th spectrum, or the width of the spectrum to the dynamic range of the signal, etc.

Example 82. A signal that has a spectrum width of 3 kHz must be transmitted over a channel with a maximum bandwidth of 300 Hz. It is possible to work, having written down yoga in front on a magnetic line and vodvoryuyuchi when transmitting zі swidkіstyu 10 times less than the speed record. With all the frequency of the output signal, the frequency of the output signal will change by 10 times, and the hour of transmission will increase in the same time. The reception of the signal at the same time will also need to be recorded on a magnetic line. If you do this, then we will swidkist, 10 times greater, you will be able to create a cob signal.

In a similar way, it is possible to transmit a triple signal in a short hour, which means that the bandwidth of the channel is wider than the spectrum of the signal.

For channels with additive uncorrelated transitions

de R c і R p - depending on the intensity of the signal and the shift. When transmitting electrical signals, shutter

you can see how the number of equals is quantized to the signal, which will ensure a non-milk transmission. Exactly, if the quantization is reversed, the signal of any equal through the addition of a jump code cannot be accepted as a signal of a judicial equal. Yakshcho now reveal a signal to sukupnistyu mittevikh meaning, Taken roughly up to the theorem of V.A. Kotelnikov through the intervals of the hour D t = ,

then in the skin of these moments at the hour of the day you will be confessed to one equal, so you can mother one P equally moving value, which influences the entropy

After registration for the initial attachment of one of the equals at the fixing moment to the hour, the entropy (a posteriori) will appear equal to 0, and the quantum of information (the amount of information transmitted at a discrete moment to the hour)

So how the whole signal is transmitted N= 2 F c T c quanta

directly proportional to the signal. For the transfer of this information for an hour T before it is necessary to ensure the security of the transfer

Yakshcho signal z channel uzgodzhenі і T z = T to; F c = F to then

tse K. Shannon's formula for the boundary capacity of the canal.We will establish the maximum speed of the non-milk transmission of information. At T c< T к скорость может быть меньшей, а при Т с >T until you can pardon.

The dependence of the boundary throughput of the channel in the form of a blue signal / overshoot at decal values ​​of the width of the smog of the throughput is shown in fig. 177. Nature

so that the capacity of the channel to see the blue signal / the overshoot is logarithmic.

Like “1, then no matter what R p” R c, a transmission without a pardon is still possible, but with even a small speed. Whose vipadka has a fair distribution

in which you can coexist with the first member. To understand that log e = 1.443, we can take

In this way, with small vіdnosinah signal / changeover, the capacity of the throughput capacity in the form of a blue signal / changeover is linear.

The capacity of the throughput capacity depending on the width of the smog throughput to the channel in real systems is more collapsible, lower is simply linear. Due to the smuggling of the channel, there is a tightness of the noise barrier at the entrance of the priymalny outbuilding. If the spectrum of change is equal, then

de G - spectral width of the tension of the transition, so the tension of the transition, as it falls per unit of frequency range. also

The intensity of the signal can be seen through the same spectral width, as it can be brought into view equivalent Smugu frequencies F e:

Having divided the insulting parts of that virase on F e, we take:

Character tsієї zalezhnostі indications in fig. 178. It is important to note that in the case of increased traffic on the channel, the throughput of the building does not increase without a hitch, but rather to a real distance. This is explained by the increased noise in the ducts and the reduced signal/noise at the input of the receiving building. The boundary, up to which with the growth of F to the right, can be determined by accelerating at large F to the already existing layout of the logarithmic function in a row. Todi, yakscho

In this order, the maximum value, to some extent, the bandwidth of the channel is limited with an increase in the width of the bandwidth, proportionally to the intensity of the signal to the intensity of the shift, which falls on one frequency range. Zvіdsi, obviously, is vibrating the offensive practical vysnovok: to increase the boundary capacity of the channel, it is necessary to increase the intensity of the transmission extension and to win the primary extension with a minimum level of noise at the entrance.

Next to the efficiency of the other most important indicator of the system's capacity is communication and stability. When transmitting vimіryuvalnoї іnformatsiї in analog form, the won is estimated for the difference between the received signal and the transmitted one. perishkodnost_ykіst discrete channels zv'azku characterized Imovirnistyu pardon R osh (according to the number of pardons accepted signs to the total number of transmissions) and connected with it by fallow

Yakscho, for example, R osh \u003d 10 -5, then æ = 5; yaksho R osh \u003d 10 -6, then æ = 6.

in an efficient way increase in confidence in the transmission of miraculous information in analog form and uncorrelated transfers accumulated. The signal is transmitted at a time and at a coherent folding of all the accepted implementations of its value at a certain moment and hour, it will be summed up, at that hour, as a shift in the time and hour, being vipadkovy, it will often be compensated. As a result, the signal / overshoot increases, the stability moves. Similarly, the idea of ​​accumulation is realized when transmitting vimiruvalnaya information over a discrete channel.

butt 83. Let the nature of the crossover be such that it can be taken as a signal (so 0 can be taken as 1). When transmitting by Baudot code, the combination 01001 trichi was accepted from the view:

If the adder is attached, if it does not work when you want one zero in the column, then the combination will be taken correctly for the mind, that the skin is zero, if you want it to be accepted correctly.

If, with one transfer, the immovability of independent pardons is known through R osh, then after N- repeated repetition of the transfer will not be more expensive R osh. Otzhe, steadfastness before pereshkoda after N retransmissions

de æ - zavadostiyk_st in a one-time transmission. In this order, stability with accumulated growth in the number of repetitions.

One of the ways to promote self-confidence is also logging of original codes.

Increased zavadostikost reach for the rahunok zbіlshennya nadmirnosti, and in a larger plan - for rahunka zbіlshenny obyagu signal with the same amount of vimіryuvalnoї іnformatsiї. At the same time, the mental improvement of the signal from the channel can be saved. When vikonannі tsієї um і T c = T k; N z = N to transfer vimiryuvalno ї іnformatsiї for additional amplitude-modulated high-frequency colophoning є more perishkodosіykoy, nizh without intermediary transmission of the signal, to that in times, for example, tone modulation occupies two more frequencies. At its core, there is a deep frequency or phase modulation, an extension of the spectrum, which further promotes the system's stability. Whose senses are promising? simple signals

F s T s ≈ 1,

a folding, for yaks

Before them, one can see pulse signals with high-frequency filling and frequency modulation or phase manipulation of carriers and in.

In addition, the efficiency and reliability of communication systems are super clear. The stench sponkayut from one side of the change, and from the other side - zbіshuvat obsjag signal, not disturbing, wash your mind with the channel and not zmіnyuyuchi how much to go to new information. Satisfaction with them was able to deliver the synthesis of optimal technical solutions.

Alerts and alerts for their structure can be either continuous or discrete.

Uninterrupted signals are assigned an indefinite meaningless value at the last hour. Such signals are described at the end of the great interval by the hour without interruption. A typical example of an uninterrupted signal can be a telephone signal that displays language, music, temperature changes, etc. (Fig. 1.2).

Discrete signals are called, as they are characterized by the final number of values ​​on the interval of the hour of their basis. As an example of a discrete signal, telegraph signals can serve as a signal, which reflect the letters of the alphabet and signs as sing-alongs of discrete stations of the signal (Fig. 1.3).

Mal. 1.2. Telephone signal Fig. 1.3. telegraph signals

The next step is to designate, whether there is any uninterrupted signal for the transmission of an update with singing accuracy, can be discretized. This possibility is based on the fact that all real signals can change the frequency spectrum, i.e., they are described by functions with a finite valueless value at the final interval.

Functions that describe communication signals can be periodic and non-periodic functions of the hour. From the course of the theory of radio signals, it is clear that a signal (function) of any kind can be laid out on harmonic warehouses: periodic signals - for the additional Four's series, non-periodic - for the additional Fur's integral.

The sequence of amplitudes of harmonic warehouses is called the spectrum of amplitudes, or simply the spectrum of the signal.

For the analysis of signals analytical descriptions signals (the actual implementation of which is not always possible), but by deaky aggravated displays or parameters.

Such zagalnenimi physical parameters signal є:

- signal trivality ;

frequency spectrum width;

- dynamic range;

trivality characterizes the hour of the signal's basis and, hence, the hour, on the yak it is necessary to set up a channel for transmitting the signal.

The width of the frequency spectrum characterizes the shape of the signal and the bandwidth of the channel, which is necessary for the mother to transmit the signal over the channel.

The dynamic range of the signal D characterizes the transposition of the tension of the signal over the tension of the signal shifts, written in logarithmic form:

The greater accurately dynamic range of the signal should be taken into account the logarithm of the blue of the greatest tension and the least tension. And so, as in the channel of the link, the minimum tension of the signal is always to blame for the tension of the overshoot, then in the quality of the specified parameter, the override of the signal over the overpass is selected.

Primary telephone signals

Telephone signals are the result of the transformation of the current alerts. The stench is constantly changing for the magnitude of the strum (voltage), unambiguously reflecting the sound of the chirp. Primary telephone signals are considered before interruptionless non-periodic signals.

The language of the people is to receive sound vibration in the range of 80 to 10,000 Hz, and the building hearing aid to receive sound vibration in the range of 16 to 20,000 Hz. It has also been established that the main part of the middle tension of the signal, which ensures the soundness of the movie, is in the range of 300 to 600 Hz; other frequency warehouses of the spectrum will prevent sound interference.

The averaging of the energy spectrum of the signal of the readings in Fig. 1.4.

Mal. 1.4. Averaging spectrum of a moving signal

Vyhodyachi z navigating digital data, in the technique of the military connection for the otrimannya sufficient density and versatility, the signal is surrounded by a smug of 300 ... 3400 Hz. Tsya smuga є standard for viyskovoї radio communication and may have a special name EPHR - smuga frequencies are effectively transmitted.

For radio communication on long, medium and short waves, the EPHR is set to 50 ... 4500 Hz, in the UKH range - 30 ... 10000 Hz, and for the transmission of stereo programs - 20 ... 20000 Hz.

channel zvyazku is called marriage technical aids and physical environment, building before the transfer, signals are sent, as if the transfer of support from the source of the information to the observance is ensured.

jerelo encoder is responsible for ensuring the safety of such a re-adjustment of the dzherel, in case of any signals on its way out, they would allow the minimum overhead and allow the speed of the transmission to be brought closer to the maximum possible value, so that the throughput of the channel. However, since in real channels there are inevitable shifts, then to fight with them, you have to additionally introduce an encoder - to the channel, which will ensure the recoding of input notifications, in order to increase the stability before the alerts. At the exit of the line link (channel) is to blame for the transfer of attachments for the turning over ( decoding ) Signaling that they came from a line call - channel decoder , If someone is guilty of transferring attachments for decoding signals from the dzherel - jerel decoder .

Nutrition for self-verification

1. What are the main elements of data transmission channels in informational measures?

2. What is the best possession of data and why is it worth winning?

3. What is the medium of transmission of data?

4. What is the data transmission equipment for?

5. Why serve as an intermediary?

6. What are the channels of communication by type of transmission medium? Do you know?

7. What indicators characterize the channels of communication?

8. What is the reliability of the connection to the communication channel?

9. What is the bandwidth for the communication channel?

10. What characterizes the closeness of data transmission?

Main characteristics of communication channels

Meta lectures - the study of the main characteristics of the channels of communication.

Lecture assignment:

vivchity

Vivchiti raznovidi, the main characteristics of the channels zv'yazku.

Nutrition, which are examined at the lecture:

2. Variations, main characteristics of the communication channels.

The main elements of data transmission channels in informational measures are:

Kіntsevo obladnannya danikh (OOD), as I represent myself information block zdіysnyuє pіdgotovka danih, recognized for transmission through the channel and sluzhovets in one way dzherel danih, in the other - priymachem.

Medium of data transmission (SPD), so be it a physical medium, it would be better to transmit information for additional help signals. You can represent an electric or optical cable, or an open space (physical).

Data transmission equipment (APD) is called the equipment for completing the transmission of data. It is the equipment, without intermediary communication between the last data transmission and the medium of data transmission, which is the cordon data transmission holders. Modems are connected to data transmission equipment, mesh adapters and so far.

4. Industrial property (POS) is the equipment, as if stagnating on the lines of a connection of great length, as it allows the coming task to be overcome:

Increased signal strength;

Safeguarding the stability of the structure of the channel linking between the sudo nodes of the merezh

(Multiplexers, repeaters, translators and so on.)

The collection of completed data collection (OOD) and data transmission equipment (ADD) is called station.

Channels are accepted to be continuous and discrete.

In the most infamous way, every discrete channel includes an uninterrupted, like a warehouse part.

As if with a splash of officials, that one can oppose the transmission of support in the channel, then such an idealized channel is called channel without crossover . In such a channel of skin care at the entrance, there was definitely no need for any notice at the exit and at the start.

If it’s impossible to lash out in the canal with a splash, then it’s possible channel in the event of a shift code.

pid channel model understand the mathematical description of the channel, which allows you to evaluate its characteristics, which are victorious in case of communication systems without carrying out experimental studies.

The channel, in a way that reflects the first signal with another and the other with the first one, is called symmetrical .

Channel zі erasing Whatever is called a channel, the alphabet of signals at the input of which is changed into the alphabet of signals at its output.

The channel of the whistleblower is called an additional return channel, which is introduced into the SPD to improve the reliability of the transmission.

The call channel is important set, Yakshcho v_domi dani for podomlennyam at the yogo entrance, as well as obezzhennya, yakі superimposed on the entrance to the physical characteristics of the channels.

For transmission channels of information, the characteristic curve is called fast transmission of information through channels, as it characterizes the average amount of information, as it can be transmitted over the link channel in one hour.

To characterize the channels of communication, two options can be used to understand the transmission speed:

– technical speed of transmission (Swiftness of manipulation), characterized by the number of elementary signals, which are transmitted over the channel in one hour. Vaughn to lie in the power lines zv'yazku and shvidkodії equipment channels. The unit of measurement of technical speed is 1 baud = 1 character / 1 sec.

– information security of transmission is determined by the average amount of information that is transmitted in one hour. Tsya speed to deposit both in terms of characteristics of a given channel, and in terms of characteristics of vicorous signals [bit / s];

The average amount of information that seems like a dzherel reminder at one hour is called the productivity of the dzherel.

Bandwidth communication channel called the greatest speed of transmission of information over any channel that is available with the best methods of transmission of information and reception.

The capacity of the building, how and the speed of transmission of information, depends on the number of transmitted information in one hour.

V telecommunication systems (TCS) to know the widest possible width of the channel link:

Simplex communication channels (CS) represents such a notification of the exchange of information between transmitting and receiving, if messages are transmitted only in one direct line on a single line (channel). Such a channel is called simplex or non-reciprocal systems .

Napіvduplex channels zvyazku (Working modes) in this way, 2 nodes are connected by one communication channel (line communication), and then the transmission of information is sent to the second channel via a line (via a line) in the opposite directions - this is how the organization works.

Binary channel call transmission - one hour two nodes are connected by two channels (direct and return), for which information is transmitted one hour in opposite directions.

simplex channel type zv'yazku vikoristovuєtsya in tіlі - і radio measurements.

duplex vikoristovuєtsya method in information - dovidkovyh and zapiti-vіdpovid systems.

binary channel zv'yazku vikoristovuєtsya in systems with PIC and IOC.

In telecommunications systems, there are separate video (non-switching) and switching per hour of transmission to the link channel.

V seen channels call priymalno-transmitting equipment vuzlіv zv'yazku zvіyno zadnana between themselves. Tse secures a high level of readiness, more high quality transmissions (zvyazku) and support of the great obsyagu traffic.

In view of the higher costs for the operation of a network with visible communication channels, the profitability is reached when achieving a full coverage of the communication channels.

Switched channels are organized only for the hour of the transfer of the current fixed communication of information. Such channels are characterized by high flexibility and relatively low variability (with a small amount of traffic).

Data transmission systems (DTS) without a return link channel allow, in principle, the reach of the bajan fidelity of the transfer of information by way of the most reliable codes. The payment for the security of the reliability of the luggage is the cost of more advanced combinations, as well as the cost of more sophisticated equipment.

short systems without a backlash, also those that dzherelo does not take any confirmation about those as received information in the recipient. Therefore, in such systems, there are even high vimogi to the superior victorious equipment. Vihodyachi z thogo, systems without a virtuous link will zastosovuetsya, in pershu cherga, todi, if it is impossible to organize the channel of the inverse connection, or if there are unacceptable jams in the transmission of information. Due to the designation of the environments of the wide width of the nabuli, the system with a ringing sound(Adaptive control), in which the reliability of the transmission is promoted for pardons on the receiving side and only repeated incorrectly received code combinations. With whom, the overworld will be minimal, with the presence of pardons, and will increase with the growth of their number. Systems with a backlink, in the fallow time, according to the method of organizing a backlink, are divided into systems with an informational backlink and with a virishal backlink.