Important characteristics of the monitor. Main parameters and characteristics of the monitor

The main characteristics of the monitors are the size of the screen, the size of the size, the size of the grain and the frequency of the monitor.

The size of the monitor screen starts with the size of the diagonal in inches. Accepted are the sizes of screens 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21 and 22 inches. 1 inch = 2.54 cm

The monitor's growth is displayed in pixels. Pixel is a point on the monitor screen. The number of points along the horizontal and vertical lines define the separate building of the monitor. The standard permissions of monitors have been accepted, and I will name some of them (Table 8.4).

Select the ratio of the number of pixels horizontally and vertically to 4: 3 (standard) or 16: 9 (wide). It is more important to keep the images on the screen readable.

The size of grain (croc point) is the size of the grain size. The smaller the grain size, the more clean and less tired of the eyes. Grain size happy monitors weight value from 0.25 to 0.28 mm.

The frequency of the monitor's release (the frequency of regeneration) is based on the number of changes in the image on the monitor screen at one hour and is displayed in hertz. If the frequency is higher, the time is less than the volume of the eyes, and for more than an hour, it can be performed without interruption. The frequency is low to produce before the appearance of the grain. Suchasnі monitors will provide the monitor with a frequency of 70-80 Hz.

Table 8.4. Types of monitors permission

Tipi monitors

Three types of monitors are available:

1) on the basis of an electronic exchange tube;

2) solid crystal;

3) plasmas.

The first type of monitors is analog, and the first is digital. Up to all the types of monitors, the parameters are changed in front of the front.

An electronic exchange tube (ELT; CRT - Cathode Ray Tube, cathode exchange tube) is a sealed vacuum flask, the bottom (screen) is covered with a luminophore ball, and an electronic hardener is installed in the neck, as well as an electrical outlet. For the help of the formation and visualization of systems, you can use the electronics directly on the screen required by the user. Energy, which can be seen by electrons, which can be consumed by the phosphor, which can be seen. The luminophore dots, how to light up, shape the image, and visually.

EPT-monitors are monochrome abo color. The color EPT-monitor has three electronic harmata, for each one it is one harmata, which can be displayed in monochrome monitors. Skin garmat is produced for one of the three main colors: chervonia (Red), greens (Green) and blue (Blue), and all the other colors and colors are displayed. This color monitors are called RGB monitors, after the first letters of the main colors. Insufficient EPT-monitors є high energy efficiency and high efficiency for the health of people.

For solid crystal and plasma monitors, two more characteristics are introduced: the hour to see the contrast. An hour to see is a very minimal hourly interval, by pulling a pixel you can increase the change of color - from black to white and back (set 6-8 ms). Contrast - the price of the quality of the best and darkest pixel (to become 30,000: 1).

In solid crystal monitors (LCD monitors; LCD - Liquid Crystal Display, solid crystal monitors), there will be a special glimpse of the originator, as for the singular stresses of the electrostatic field, to crystallize, at the same time the field will change. The goal is to be effective for image formatting. Structurally, such a monitor of vikonaniya at the viglyadi of two electrically conductive plates (lining), where the thinnest ball crystallizes ridini. The skin element of the screen is controlled by a high-power transistor, so the RK monitors are also called TFT monitors (TFT - Thin Film Transistor). In color monitors, the skin element of the image is stored in three pixels (R, G and B), covered with thin filters of the various colors. Oskilki komіrki themselves do not go to the RC-monitor needs a rear response. By the shortcomings of RC-monitors є the interconnection of the kut I will look around (the quality of the image is hidden from the one that you wondered about), the transfer of the color is unacceptable, the trivial hour at the glance, the uneasy perception.

In plasma monitors (PDP - Plasma Display Panel), images are formed by gas discharges, which are superimposed on the display of light, in the pixels of the panel. Structurally, the panel is stored in three flashing plates, on two thin gaps applied: on one plate - horizontally, on the other - vertically. Between them there is a third plate, in which at the mice the guides cross the two first plates є open open - pixels. When the panel is selected, open it with an inert gas: neon or argon. When a high-frequency voltage is applied to one of the vertically and one of the horizontally rooted guides in the opening, there is a gas discharge. Chim bolsha napruga, tim yaskravishe gas. Plasma of a gas discharge viprominuyu light in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum, as well as luminophor particles in the visible range of humans. In fact, a leather pixel on the screen is a kind of fluorescent lamp (lamp daylight). The few plasma monitors є the high energy maintenance and the low distribution of the building.

1) Rosemir work area screen

The nominal size of the screen diagonal of the RK-monitor for the road to the visible region, on the view of the ELT-monitor, the visible size of the monitor is already smaller.

Virus monitors for supplements to physical sizes of kinescopes can also provide views about the size of the visible part of the screen. The physical size of the kinescope is the final size of the tube. Oscillations of the kinescope of laying in a plastic case, the visible size of the screen is three times smaller for its physical size. So, for example, for a 14 "model (theoretical diagonal size is 35.56 cm), brown diagonal size is 33.3 - 33.8 cm. specific models, And the actual size of the diagonal of 21-inch extensions (53.34 cm) becomes 49.7 to 51 cm.

2)Radius of curvature to the screen ELT

The current screen shape can be divided into three types: spherical, cylindrical and flat (Fig. 1).

At the spherical screens, the surface of the opuque and all the pixels (specks) are located at the same time as the electronic harness.

Cylinder screen є with a sector of the cylinder: flat along the vertical and rounding along the horizontal.

Flat screens are very promising. Vstanovlyuyutsya in found models of monitors. Deyakі kіneskіny type, for the most part, not є flat - even across a great radius of curvature (80 m - vertically, 50 m - horizontally), the smell looks really flat.

3) Ekranne pokrittya

An important parameter of the kinescope is the adjustment of the power of its surface. As the surface of the screen is not crumbled, we can see all the objects that are behind the back of the koristuvach, as well as the one himself. In addition, because of the secondary viprominuvannya, when the electrons hit the phosphor, it can negatively infuse the health of the people.

We will expand it with an accessible type of anti-glare coating with a silicon dioxide coating. Qia is cheeky with a thin ball at the top of the screen. As well as supporting the fouling with silicon dioxide the screen under the microscope, it is possible to patch the shorts, uneven surfaces, as they add light exchanges from the surfaces to the small cuttings, and learn to see the blisks on the screens. Coverage the anti-glare of additional help without stressing the information from the screen, which lays down the process with good illumination. Deyaki kinescope virobniks add chemistry at the corner of the screen, showing the antistatic function. The most advanced methods of processing the screen for improving the quality of the image have a lot of balls of different types of different types of chemistry.

4) Frequency of a vertical branch

The value of the frequency of the vertical rosette of the monitor is shown, as the number of horizontal rows on the screen of the monitor is limited, it can be transmitted through the electronic per second. Apparently, what is more important (and, as a rule, it’s worth looking at the box for the monitor), this type of building can be used to adjust the monitor when the frame rate is accepted. The boundary frequency of the rows is a critical parameter for the design of the RK monitor.

5) Horizontal bend frequency

This parameter, which is the starting point, is often displayed on the screen again. The frequency of the horizontal branch is at Hz. In contrast to traditional EPT monitors, the hour of luminescence of luminous elements is even less, so the electronic part is guilty of passing through the skin element of the luminescent ball to reach often, even if the picture does not appear. If the frequency of such a bypass of the screen is less than 70 Hz, then the energy of the healthy screen will not be enough for the image to be too small. Chim vishche the frequency of regeneration, tim stiykish viglyadє the image on the screen. Merekhtinnya of the image to produce up to the eyes, headache and navit until the dawn. It’s amazing, that the screen of the monitor is bigger, the smaller is the smaller, especially the peripheral (bichny) glare, the splinters will look around the image. The value of the frequency of the horizontal rosette is to be found in separate buildings, in terms of the electrical parameters of the monitor and in the capabilities of the video adapter.

6) Croc krapok

Croc dots - a diagonal view between two luminophore dots of the same color. Tsei rzmіr start to appear at millimeters (mm). In kinescopes with aperture grates, one can learn to understand a crocus of smogs for visualizing horizontally across a luminophore of one color. Chim the lesser croc points abo croc smugi, team more beautiful monitor: The images are more clear and sharp, the contours and lines come out as thin and thin. The point is often larger at the periphery, lower at the center of the screen. Todi virobniki vkazuyut insult razmіri.

7) Acceptable kut look around

D For RK-monitors, this is a critical parameter, there are no fragments of any flat-panel display; I will look around like a standard EPT monitor. Problems, related to the lack of a cut around, were streaming for a trivial hour with an expanded RK-display. Oscillations of light from the rear wall of the display panel pass through polarized filters, crystals and balls, so that the monitor can go vertically. If you wonder at the extravagant flat monitor from the side, then you can't see the image in the back, or you can turn it on, just with the help of quotations. In a standard TFT-display with crystal molecules, arranged not strictly perpendicular to the lining, they are surrounded by 40 degrees vertically and 90 degrees horizontally. The contrast and colors change with the change of the cut, before the koristuvach marvel at the screen. The problem has become more and more urgent in the world of increasing the size of RK-displays and the number of colors that are displayed by them. For bankers' termi- nals, power is, of course, even more valuable (the splinters will be unavailable to the dodatkov’s security), but to the most common corystuvachi it is worthless. Fortunately, the virobniks already felt that they were able to use the technology to expand the kut around the corner. The stench will allow you to expand your view up to 160 degrees, depending on the characteristics of the EPT monitors (Fig. 2). With the maximum look around, one should take into account that, de the contrast ratio drops to a ratio of 10: 1, depending on the ideal value (vimiryanoy at the point without a middle spread over the surface of the display).

8) Dead points

The phenomenon of radiation is characteristic of RK monitors. There are some defects in transistors, and on the screen there are some pixels, but they don't work, they look like a drop of color dots. Oskilki the transistor is not good, then such a point is hard, or it’s supposed to light up. The effect of displaying the image is correct, if you do not correct the whole group of points, but rather navigate the display areas. Unfortunately, there is no standard that sets the maximum permissible number of non-flashing points or groups on the display. Kozhen virobnik has its own standards. Zazvychay 3-5 non-disturbing points vvazayuyut the norm. The purchaser is guilty of re-adjusting the parameter when the computer is rejected, some of these defects are not impacted by the factory gateway and repairs are not accepted.

9) Did you call

The maximum size distribution, adjusted by the monitor, is one of the key parameters, which is provided by the skin. The call indicates the number of elements that are displayed on the screen (specks) horizontally and vertically, for example: 1024768. The physical size of the space lies in the main size of the screen and the diameter of the points of the screen (grain) of the electronic exchange tube of the screen (for occasional monitors - 0.28-0.25). Apparently, the larger the screen and the smaller the diameter of the grain, the greater the size of the building.

10) Construction of the building and delivery

The design of the monitor is to blame for the possibility of a frontal guarding of the screen by a path to turn the body of a horizontal area about a vertical axis at ± 30 ° and a vertical area about a horizontal axis at ± 30 ° from a fixed position in a given position. Design of monitors for transferring storage to spokiynі m'yakі toni with diffuse light distribution. The body of the monitor is guilty of the matt surface of one color with a display efficiency of 0.4 - 0.6 and the mother of bright details, which are visible in the display.

11) How to connect a monitor to a computer

There are two ways to connect the monitor to the computer: signal (analog) and digital.

The monitor needs to send video signals to carry information to be displayed on the screen. A color monitor requires three signals to code color (RGB), and two synchronization signals (vertical and horizontal rods). To connect the monitor to the computer, you can use signal (analog) cables. different types... On the side of the computer, there is such a cable in a large variety of pink color DB15 / 9, which is also called VGA-pink. Tsey roz'єm vikoristovutsya in large IBM-sumy computers. Macintosh computers Apple companies vikoristovuyt іnshy z'єdnuvach - noble DB15. Besides, there are special coaxial cables.

There are two input interfaces for manual monitoring: DB15 / 9 and BNC. Mayuchi two computers, it is possible to have one monitor for robots with two computers (obviously, not overnight).

In addition to the signal connection, you can connect the monitor to a computer via a digital interface, allowing the monitor from the computer: calibrate your internal lanterns, adjust the geometric parameters of the image. Yak digital interface is most likely to get stuck in the RC-232C.

12) Get control and regulation

By means of keruvans there is a reason to adjust such parameters as the brightness, geometries of the image on the screen. There are two types of systems for monitoring and regulating the monitor: analogs (knobs, motors, potentiometers) and digital (buttons, screen menu, digital kerovans through a computer). An analogue of keruvannya vikoristovuyutsya at cheap monitors and allowing without the need to change electrical parameters at the universities of the monitor. As a rule, with analog control, the contrast is less powerful than the contrast. The digital keruvannya will ensure the transfer of data from the koristuvach to the microprocessor, which is the keru by the robot of all universities of the monitor. The microprocessor at the stage of the presentation of the data to rob certain corrections of the form and the magnitude of the pressure in the leading analogue universities of the monitor. At current monitors, only digital control is used, if there is a number of control parameters to be stored in the class of the monitor, and to be included in some of the simplest parameters (brightness, contrast, primitive geometrical adjustment)

Ridko crystal monitor (also solid crystal display, RKD, RK-monitor, English liquid crystal display, LCD, flat indicator) is a flat monitor based on rare crystals. The RK monitor was destroyed in 1963.

LCD TFT (English TFT - thin film transistor)- one of the names of the crystal display, in which the matrix is ​​active, kerovana with thin-flux transistors. Pidsilyuvach TFT for the skin subpixel to be fixed for the adjustment of the display contrast and clarity.

Attach RK-monitor

The image is shaped for the help of additional elements, zazvyay through the rocking system. Just attach(e-mail, telephony, plei, thermometers, too) can be monochromatic or 2-5 color display. Bagatokolorovye images are shaped in addition to RGB-style. A large number of wall monitors based on TN (and * VA) matrices, and all laptop displays have a matrix with 18-bit color (6 bits per channel), 24-bit emulation is possible for dithering.

Subpixel color RK display

The skin pixel of the RK-display is stored in a ball of molecules between two penetrating electrodes and two polarized filters, the areas of polarization are (as a rule) perpendicular. Outside of the rare crystals, light, which can be skipped by the first filter, is practical to be blocked by others.

The surface of the electrodes, which is in contact with rare crystals, is specially cut for the cob arrangement of molecules in one direction. In TN-matrices, the strains are mutually perpendicular, so the molecules vibrate into the gwent structure without stress. The structure has broken the light in such a rank that until the other filter the polarization area is rotated, and through the new light, pass through the same light without any loss. If you don’t use the first filter with half of the non-polarized light, you can use the open-cut light. Even before the electrodes it is applied sparsely - the molecules are forced to vishykuvatisya at the direct field, which will create a gwent structure. With a great deal of springiness to resist, when the springs are switched on, the molecules turn at the out-of-position. For a sufficient field value, practically all molecules become parallel, so that the structure is not transparent. Variyuyuchi spruce, it is possible to keruvati with a step of vision. Yaksho post_yna napruga applied for a long hour - the crystalline structure can be degraded through the migration of ions. For the solution of the problem, there is a change in the polarity of the field in case of skin addressing in the middle (the opacity of the structure does not lie in the polarity of the field). In all matrixes, it is possible to carry out skin keruvati from intermediate to individual, albeit with an increase in the number of years it is important, some of the growth is in the number of necessary electrodes. To that it is practical to skip addressing in rows and hundreds. The light, which can be passed through the commerce, can be natural - it can be seen from the pads (for RK-displays, without a signal). A little more often it stagnates the piece of light, in addition to being independent from the new illumination, and also stabilizing the power of the rendered image. In such a rank, the secondary RK-monitor is stored from the electronics, where the input video signal, RK-matrix, sensor module, living unit and housing are processed. The very supremacy of the warehouse vouchers for the power of the monitor in general, if the characteristics are important for them.

Technical characteristics of the RC-monitor

Dozvіl: Horizontal and vertical dimensions, bends at pixels. On view of the EPT-monitors, LCD may be one, "old", physical call, it is possible to reach the interpolation.

Point size: Become a center for secondary plexuses Without middle dressings due to physical allowance.

Spivvidnoshennya side to screen (format): Vіnoshennya width to height, for example: 5: 4, 4: 3, 5: 3, 8: 5, 16: 9, 16:10.

Visible diagonal: panel size, diagonal adjustment. The area of ​​the displays is also in the same format: a monitor with a 4: 3 format is larger, lower with a 16: 9 format with the same diagonal.

Contrast: the identification of the colors of the most beautiful and dark points. Do some monitors vikoristovuє

Yaskravіst: a number of lights, which can be displayed on the display, change to be displayed in candelas per square meter.

Hour to vidguk: the minimum hour, necessary for a pixel to change his life. The method is ambiguous.

Coot look around: kut, with a certain drop in contrast, the reach different types matrices that are used by different vyrobniks are used in a smart way, and often they do not fit.

Matrix type: technology behind the preparation of the RK-display

Come in: (e.g. DVI, D-SUB, HDMI ta in.).

Technologies

Basic technologies for preparing RK-displays: TN + film, IPSі MVA... The technology of geometrical surfaces, polymers, keruyuchoy plates and front electrodes are being developed. Of great importance is the purity of that type of polymer due to the power of the rare crystals, the stagnation at specific boxes. Hour to see the RK monitors, designed for technology SXRD (Silicon X-tal Reflective Display)- silicon-based solid-crystal matrix), reduced to 5 ms. Sony Company, Sharp and Philips have splintered the PALC technology (eng. Plasma Addressed Liquid Crystal- Plasma control of rare crystals) LCD(brightness and juiciness of colors, contrast) and plasma panels (high visibility along the horizon, H, and vertical, V, high shvidk_st update). As a regulator of brightness in digital displays, gas-discharging plasmas are in the middle, and for color filtration, the RK-matrix is ​​used. PALC technology allows you to address the skin of the display is ok, and this means that the image is not overturned.

TN + film (Twisted Nematic + film)

Macro photography TN + film monitor matrix NEC LCD1770NX. On white - the standard Windows cursor.

Chastina film"in the name of the technology means a dodatkovy ball, zstosovuvatsiya zbіlshennya kuta look around (sometimes - from 90 ° to 150 °). In the given hour the prefix" film often omitted, they are called simply TN. Unfortunately, the method of improving the contrast and the hour of seeing for TN panels has not yet been known, moreover, the hour is at given type the matrix є at the instant moment is one of the most beautiful, and the axis of contrast is ni.

Matrix TN + film right off the bat: as soon as the subpixels cannot be reached, the crystals (and the polarized light, like the stench pass through) rotate one or the other 90 ° horizontal area in the space between two plates. And so as to directly polarize the filter on the other plate, set a 90 ° cut with the direct polarization of the filter on the first plate, the light to pass through the new one. As red, green and blue subpixels will increase the illumination, there was a speck on the screen.

IPS (In-Plane Switching)

Technology In- Plane Switching The bullet was broken up by Hitachi and NEC companies and was designed to eliminate the shortcomings of TN + film... However, I would like for the help of the IPS to reach up to 170 °, as well as high contrast that color, the hour I saw it on a low level.

Even before the IPS matrix is ​​not sprung, the molecules of the rare crystals cannot be rotated. The other filter should be turned perpendicular to the first one, and the light should not pass through it. That image of the Black Colorado comes close to the ideal. When the transistor goes out of the way, the "bity" pixel for the IPS panel will not be bulky, as for the TN matrix, but rather black.

When completing the springs, the molecules of the rare crystals turn perpendicular to their cob position and pass the light through. In the main, the contrast ratio of the S-IPS panels was reduced, bringing it to the contrast of the S-PVA panels. AS-IPS is also named for the monitors of the NEC corporation (for example, NEC LCD20WGX2), which are based on the S-IPS technology, which was split by the LG.Philips consortium.

A-TW-IPS - Advanced True White IPS (Expanded IPS with Help Bilim), split by LG.Philips for NEC Є S-IPS panel with TW color filter (True White) for greater realism and wider color range. Tsey type of panels to pick up when opening professional monitors for vikoristannya at photographic laboratories and / abo vidavnitstvah.

AFFS - Advanced Fringe Field Switching(Unofficially named S-IPS Pro). The technology є for the now available IPS products, was broken up by the BOE Hydis company in 2003. Strength of the electric field made it possible to reach even larger caves to look around and to look around, as well as to change the place. Displays based on AFFS are mainly used in tablet PCs, based on matrices from Hitachi Displays.