Yakim for type є sound signal. types of signals

see signals

signal

signal- a central physical process, which is a characteristic that carries an informational change.

For example, the light signal (because of the light) is characterized by brightness, color, polarization powers, directly extended and in.

Information can be carried both by one of these characteristics, and by one hour after receiving the decile characteristics.

Signal in nature in case of interconnection of material objects and not in its own information about interaction. The signal of the building is changing, widening in the material middle, by ourselves, without spacious transfer of information from ob'єkta (dzherela podії) to sub'єkta (sposterigacha). Material middle, in which the signal expands, be called bear signal.

Signals are growing, first for everything, for your physical nature... Apply: light signal, sound, electrical, radio signal ...

Fallen from the breed natural abo piece.

Natural signals are recognized due to the fact that here in living or inanimate nature there is a combination of material objects. It’s a natural process, there’s no tying of people. Add: svitinnya Sontsya, spіv ptahіv, expanding the smell of kvіtіv ...

Individual signals are triggered by people, or they are found in technical systems that are created by people. Apply: telephone line electrical signals; radio signals; signal rocket abo bagattya; svitlofor signal; fire alarm siren ...

Behind the uniform the signal will sound analogs, discreteі digital.

Analog (or without interruption) signal is a physical process, information characteristic of which changes smoothly. For example, the electrical signal changes smoothly (Fig. 1). Інші butt: sound signal, natural light signal. Practically all natural signals are analogs.

A special feature of the analog signal is the size between two different values. The number of values, which can be used to characterize an analog signal, is not infinitely large.

discrete signal is a physical process, the informational characteristic of how it changes in a strip-like manner, and it can take only a small number of different values ​​(Fig. 2).

The peculiarity of a discrete signal is a chain of interconnection between two different signal values. The initial number of possible values, which can accept a discrete signal, is always interconnected.

For example, a lamp is included in the electric lance. The lamp can either burn or not. As soon as the lamp burns, it serves as a signal about those who are in the lance є strum. If you don't burn, the struma is dumb. There is no industrial value (because the lamp burns as brightly as possible), there is only two meaning here: either to burn, or not to burn.

Іnshiy butt: a telegraphic message is sent.

It will probably be passed on for additional Morse code, but there are three different meanings: dot, dash, and pause (pause). A signal, which is not always present, may have only three different values: a short signal, a large signal and a signal. The number of possible values ​​is interconnected by the signal - a single discrete signal.

Discrete signals, as a rule, piece(It is created by a human or a technical system).

Meta razpovіdі to show in what the essence of the understanding "signal", as the broadenings of the signal are clear and as they have the outward characteristics.

What is the signal? A little child can be seen on the food chain, say, "such a thing, for the help of which it is possible to see something." For example, behind the help of the mirror and the sun, you can transmit signals to the view of direct visibility. On ships, the signals were passed on to the signal for help from warrant-semaphores. The cim was engaged in specially navcheni signaling devices. In such a rank, for the help of such warlords, information was transmitted. The yak axis can transmit the word "signal":

In nature, there is a majestic signalless signal. So for the most part, it can be a signal: a note is left on the table, like a sound, it can serve as a signal until the ear of a song.

Garazd, with such signals, I will go all the way to electrical signals, which in nature are not less than any other. Ale їkh would like to be cleverly smitten into groups: trikutny, sinusoidal, rectangular, pilkopodіbny, single impulse, etc. All the signals are named so for those, like the stink of seeing, like showing them on the graph.

Signals can be used as a metronome for displaying ticks (like a timing signal), for an hour, in the quality of powerful pulses, for controlling motors or for testing the possession and transmission of information.

Characteristics of ate. signals

The singer has a sensible electric signal - a chain graph, which shows a change in energy or a strum in an hour. This in Russian means: if you take an image and along the X axis mean the hour, and along the Y axis, abo the strum, and indicate the points of the meaning of the force at a specific moment of the hour, then when the image is displayed the signal will be shown:

Electric signals are even more abundant, or they can be broken into two large groups:

• unidirectional
• bidirectional

Tobto in single-straightened streams flow in one direction (or not flow in zagalі), but in double-straightened currents є change and counter to "thudi", then "syudi".

All signals, depending on the type, may be the next characteristics:

• period - about an hour, through any signal, repeat it for yourself. Used most often T
• frequency - when the signal is triggered, the signal is repeated in 1 second. Vimіryuєtsya in hertz. Applied 1Hz = 1 repetition per second. Frequency є to the rotary values ​​of the period (ƒ = 1 / T)
• amplitude - change in volts or amperes (in the absence of this, there is a signal: strum or spill). Amplitude means "strength" of the signal. The graph is strongly visible to the signal from the X axis.

see signals

sinusoid

I think it’s okay to imagine a function whose graph on the image is not sensuous - it’s good to see sin (x).Її period for transportation 360 o or 2pi radian (2pi radian = 360 o).

And if the duration of the period is 1 sec per period T, then these periods are recognized in 1 sec, or, in other words, as the period is often repeated. So you just need the frequency of the signal! Until the speech, won’t be in hertz. 1 Hz = 1 sec / 1 repetition per sec

Frequency and period backward one to one. The higher the period, the lower the frequency of the navpak. The connection between the frequency and period is twisted by simple relations:

Signals, like the shape of the rectangle, are called "rectangular signals". Їх cleverly it is possible to distribute to simply straight signals and meanders. Meander is a straight-line signal, which has a triviality to an impulse and a pause. And as long as a pause and an impulse are trivial, then the period of the meander is recognized.

A high-pitched direct-current signal appears to be in a meander, so that there is less impulse and pause (there is an impulse). Marvel at the picture below - say what, anіzh a thousand words.

Before the speech, for straight signals there are two terms, like the slides of the nobility. The smell is opposite one single (like period and frequency). tse fablednessі The coefficient of storage. Possibility (S) for transportable periods up to triviality of impulse and navpaky for coffee. zapovnennya.

This rank of the meander is a straight-line signal with a duty cycle equal to 2. So, for a new period, it is twice as long as the triviality of an impulse.

S - scalar rate, D - reserve efficiency, T - pulse period, - pulse rate.

Before the speech, on the graphs of food, ideal direct signals are shown. Life has a stench to see it slightly, because in one attachment the signal cannot change absolutely mittєvo from 0 until the value and back go down to zero.

As soon as you go up the mountain, and then immediately go down and write down the height of our position on the graph, then a three-tone signal is received. It’s gross, but true. Tricut signals have a sputum (strum) of growth, and then immediately begin to change. І for a classic tricyted signal, an hour grows up to one hour of decreasing (і for the last half of the period).

If such a signal grows less than an hour or more, then such signals are called pilkopodibny. І about them is lower.

file-like signal

As I have already written out, the asymmetric tricut signal is called pilkopodibnim. All of them are named as clever and necessary just for the sake of handiness.

per types (types) of signals I see advances:

1. analog
2. digital
3. discrete

analog signal

analog signalє natural. Yogo can be fixed for additional types of sensors. For example, sensors of the middle (vice, volog_st) or mechanical sensors (acceleration, speed). analog signals in mathematics, it is described without interruptions. The electric force is described behind the help of a straight line, to be є analogous.

digital signal

digital Signals are piecemeal, so that they can only be edited out by means of a conversion of the analogue electrical signal.

The process of the last modification of a non-intermittent analog signal is called sampling. Discretization of two types:

1. by the hour
2. by amplitude

Discretization for an hour call to be called a vibrating operation. And sampling according to the amplitude of the signal - quantized by the signal.

Zdebilshy digital signalsє light or electrical impulses. The digital signal is capable of transmitting the entire frequency (smugu transmission). The signal is all the same to become analogous, only when it is reincarnated to have numerical powers. First of all, it is possible to use the numerical methods and power.

discrete signal

discrete signal- tse all the same reincarnation of an analog signal, only if it is not necessary to quantize it for rivne.

Price list of basic types of types (types) of signals.

Yake is guilty but accepted by the side that is accepted, in no way ever. A signal can be a physical process, the parameters of which vary according to the transmission of time.

Signal, determinations, or whatever, describe a mathematical model, a function that characterizes the change of parameters in the signal. The mathematical model of the signal delivery, like the function of the hour, is the fundamental concept of theoretical radio engineering, which has been defined as a useful way for analysis, as well as for the synthesis of radio engineering attachments and systems. In radio technology, an alternative to a signal, which does not corrode information, є noise - call the vipadkov function for an hour, but in conjunction with the signal (for example, by folding a path) with the signal, and creating it. The main specialists of theoretical radiotechnics є rejection of corporeal information from a signal with obstructive noise reduction.

witness signal Allowing to abstract from a specific physical value, for example, a struma, a stress, an acoustic shock and to see the pose of a physical context of a phenomenon linked to the coded information and signals, which interfere with the creation of noise. In early adopters, the signal is often presented to a functional hour, the parameters of which can carry the required information. How to record the whole function, as well as how to record the noise to name mathematical model of the signal.

The basic principle of cybernetics is formulated in connection with the signal to the understanders, like the understanding about the passage of the channel to the channel, broken by Claude Shannon and about the optimal price, broken by V.A.Kotelnikov.

Classification of signals

For the physical nature of carrying information:

• electrical;
• electro-magnetic;
• optical;
• acoustic

For the way to signal the signal:

• regular (deterministic), assigned by analytical function;
• irregular (vipadkovi), which take a significant value at any moment of the hour. For the description of such signals, the apparatus of the theory of imperfections is victorious.

It is also a function of describing the parameters of the signal, seeing analog, discrete, quantized and digital signals:

• without interruption (analog), described by interruption-free function;
• discrete, describing the function of the views, taken at the singing moment of the hour;
• quantized for rіvnem;
• discrete signals, quantized according to the level (digital).

Analog signal (AC)

analog signal

The majority of signals may be analogous in nature, so that they can change without interruption in the hour and can take the value at the same interval. Analog signals are described by a mathematical function of the hour.

Applied AC - harmonic signal - s (t) = A · cos (ω · t + φ).

Analogue signals to use telephony, radio communication, television communication. It is unwise to enter such a signal into a computer and to break it, as at any interval of an hour there is no meaningless value, but for an accurate (without misbehavior) representation of the required number of unlimited size. It is necessary to reconfigure the analog signal so that it is possible to display the last number of the given size.

discrete signal

Discretization of the analog signal to the polarity in the fact that the signal is presented in the form of the last value, recognized at the discrete moment of the hour. The values ​​are called vidlikami.Δt be called sampling interval.

quantizing signal

Main article: Quantum (computer science)

When quantized, the entire area of ​​the signal value breaks down to equal, the number of such ma buty is presented in numbers of a given size. From time to time we call ourselves the croc of the quantity Δ. The number of cikhs for roads is N (from 0 to N-1). The skin ryvnyu is assigned a singular number. When the signal is measured against the quantization level, and in the quality of the signal, a number is vibrated, in accordance with the reason for the quantification. Kozhen r_ven quantuvannya koduєtsya double number with n discharges. The number of quantized numbers is N and the number of rows n double numbers, which are coded for quantized numbers, n ≥ log 2 (N).

digital signal

In order to display the analog signal after the end of the numbers of the end-to-end size, it can then be converted into a discrete signal, and then quantized. Quantum є we will limit it to discretization, if discretization is referred to as the same quantity called quantum. As a result, the signal will be represented in such a rank, but at a given skin interval of the hour, the value of the signal is close (quantized), as it can be written as a whole number. How to record a whole number of numbers in two systems, in the form of the last zero and one, as if it were a digital signal.

Signal i go

Pod_ya (rejection of a note, cautioning a signal flare, receiving a symbol by telegraph) є a signal only in this system of indications, in which case it appears to be significant (for example, in the minds of the combatants who signal the missile, for the one who is Obviously, the signal, of the tasks, is analytically, it doesn’t and doesn’t carry any information, as well as the function of the signal and its parameters in terms of spostering.

The tech has a start signal. In other words, the podіya - the change will become a component of a technical system, recognizable by the logic of the system and which is more significant, є a signal. The meaning of non-recognition by this system of logical or technical ones is significant, the signal is not є.

Signal supply and spectrum

Є two ways of presenting the signal in the presence of the field of value: time and frequency. At the first drop, the signal is represented by the function hour, which characterizes the change in the parameter.

In addition to the quick clock supply of signals and functions, during the analysis and processing of these signals, the description of signals in terms of frequency functions is widely used. Surely, whether a yak can be easily foldable due to its shape, the signal can be represented in the viewers of the sumi of more simple signals, and of the sprout, in the viewers of the sumi of the simplest harmonic lines, the majority of which are called the frequency spectrum of the signal.

For the transition to the frequency method, the vikorist is presented by the re-adaptation of Fur'є:
.
The function is called the spectral function or spectral field.
Oscillations of the spectral function are complex, then we can talk about the spectrum of amplitudes and spectra of phases. Physical sensor of spectral function: the signal is presented at the viewpoint of a number of harmonic storage (sinusoids) with amplitudes, without interruption the frequency range from 0 to, and cob phases.

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See also "Signal" in the following dictionaries:

signal- a, m. Signal, new. Signal since. lat. signale lat. signum sign, signal. 1. Umovny sign for transmission of such l. of houses, order, etc. BAS 1. If the commander of the commander is so fussy in the battle, then you can’t serve more, todi ... ... Historical vocabulary of Gallicisms of the Russian movi

Div ... Glossary of synonyms

The physical change is of a physical magnitude, which serves for the restoration of the pod. Div. Also: Signals of the System to the View of the Financial Glossary Finam. Signal Signal of the information transfer process through the company. For English: Signal Synonyms: ... ... Financial vocabulary

Control robot

types of signals

Entry

signal electronic sensor

Electronics is a science, how to deal with the process of changing the electronic modality of some of the charged particles with the electromagnetic fields and the rocketing methods of establishing electronic attachments and attachments, in the form of transferring them into transmission

The results of the development of electronic processes and phenomena, as well as the progress and development of methods for the development of electronic attachments and attachments, summarize the development of electronic technology in two straight lines. First of all, they are linked to the technology of the production and industrial production of electronic attachments of various designations. Another direct connection to the stems on the basis of the adaptations of the equipment for the transmission of the plant, connected to the transmission, the reception and redevelopment of information in the hall of informatics, numerical processes, etc., technology, automation systems

Electronics is short, a little bit like history. The first period of dressings with the simplest transmissions and the most recent sprymati and signals by the receptionists. Then came the era of vacuum tubes. Since the mid-50s, there has been a new period in the development of electronics, tying with the appearance of new conductor elements, and then small and great integrated circuits.

The current stage of development of electronics is characterized by the emergence of microprocessor oversized integrated circuits, digital signal processors, programmed logical integrated circuits, which allow the development of signal processing with high technologies. Digital electronics, reworking systems and sampling, processing and transmission of information, non-omislim without analog technologies. The analogy itself is very rich in the characteristics of qih systems.

Electronics of power transmission, reception and revision of information on the basis of electro-magnetic phenomena. One hundred percent to the electronic order of transferring from people to people, it is also possible to look at exchanges of houses between people and with automatic devices and with automatic devices.

Є the meaningless value of the understanding of information from the most out-of-the-box philosophical (information to the images of real light) to the practical (information to all kinds of information, about the transfer of information, transmissions).

Transmit information at signal viewers. Signal is a physical process that carries information. The signal can be audible, light-hearted, in the form of a postal message. The most widening of the signal in electronic form at the view of the fallowness at the hour U (t).

Practically, whether an electronic system can be used for a specific function, that is, for the revision of energy or for the revision of information. For the heads of the electronic control system in the most important sense є processing information about the flow mode of the robotic machine and vibrating on the basis of the flowing signals in order to approximate the flow mode of the robot before the back end. For the basic information in this vypadku rely on respect for the solution of the system.

The representations in Fig. 1.1 ob'єkt are a real physical object, the numerical power of which is characterized by small physical quantities (FV). It is located in the flexible and folding links with the same objects. The third degree of development of the number of sounds in Fig. 1.1 shows how the input FV X and the output FW Y are shown to characterize the mill of the object. Sensors (primary converters) will not allow the conversion of PV X and Y, which may in most cases be in non-electrical nature, in electrical signals, in order to save the necessary information about the situation.

The prism of the primary processing (UPO) of the signals is not present in many part of the system. I will take care of the receipt of sensors with the additional electronic annexes, so that I can get the processing of physical quantities in front of the front. As a rule, the following functions are relied upon:

· the improvement of outgoing signals in the first conversions;

· normalization of analog signals, so that it is reduced between the scale of the primary signal without interruption to one of the standard ranges of the input signal to the analog-to-digital signal to the analogue channel (the most wide range from 0 to 5 V, up to 5 V to 10

· in front of low-frequency filtering, so that the smuga of the frequencies of the primary without interruption is interrupted by the signal with a decrease in the flow on the result of the change in the change of the code of a different kind;

· Securing galvanic isolation between analog or discrete signal and variable and / or status channels of the system. In the early world, it is carried out to the isolation between the channels of the discrete system and the power supply. In addition to the control of outgoing and outgoing lanes, galvanic isolation allows the reduction of the inflow to the system by transferring to the lane of grounding for the rack of the main sub-earth of the numerical system and the earth controlled by the possession. The visibility of the galvanized insulation is allowed only in technically rimmed bottles.

The output signals to the attachment of the primary processing unit are converted into digital form by the attachment, which is called an analog-digital conversion (ADC). At the ADC outputs, there is a two-way supply of an analog signal, as it is then processed by a digital signal processor. For the processing to take place in the information signals, it can be converted back into analog form using the digital-to-analog conversion (DAC).

Processor for processing the data, which characterizes the flow and the mill of the object. The algorithm for processing the data starts with the information about the definitions, the definitions of the data, and how the values ​​of the referenced (variable) physical quantities (FV) with the necessary accuracy in the given minds, and the basic characteristics.

1. Signals

signal electronic sensor

Understanding the signal is one of the main things to understand electronics. The signal is a fast-moving physical process in the system, which is a very simple process, which is received by a certain amount of input to the system. The main power of the signal is those who carry information about the injection into the system.

Oscillations of real physical processes occur at the hour, then, in the form of a mathematical model, the signal, which represents the processes, the function of the hour, which visualizes the changes of physical processes.

The signal can be audible, light-hearted, in the form of a postal message. The most widening of the signal in electronic form at the view of the fallowness at the hour U (t).

... Classification of signals

For roles in the transmission of specific information, the signals can be distributed on the corners and on (pereshkodi). Brown signals to transfer the given information, and to transfer the given information, if you want, you can, and transfer the information.

At the level of the value of the signal, all signals can be divided into deterministic signals and signals. Determinovanim is called a signal, the meaning of which at any moment of the hour can be precisely designated. Determine signals can be both periodic and non-periodic.

A signal is called periodic
s (t) = s (t + kT), de k - be it a whole number, T - period, which is the last hour. The butt of a periodic signal is a harmonic signal. ...

here U m, T, f 0, w 0, і j 0- for example the amplitude, period, frequency, cut frequency and cob phase.

Before folding periodic signals, it is possible to carry out pulsed signals of a small form (electric pulses)

An electric impulse is a short-time strip-like change from an electric power supply, for they fired a struma.

Electric impulses of the strum or the springs (unipolar), which replace the high-frequency ones, are called video impulses (Fig. 2.2). Electric impulses, which are interconnected at high frequency or over high frequency electromagnetic pulses, in such a form of video pulse, are called radio pulses.

Behind the nature of the change, in the hour, there are electric impulses of rectangular, saw-like, exponential, bell-shaped and other forms. Real video impulse can reach a folding shape, which is characterized by amplitude A, trivial impulse t і , Trivial front t f and trivial recession t s , The magnitude of the vertex D A.

Whether a folding periodic signal can be represented by a viewer, it can be harmoniously used with frequencies that are multiples of the main frequency.

An irregular signal, as a rule, interleaving per hour.

A vague signal is called the function of the hour, meaning that it’s not seen in advance and can be transferred to a singing voice. In terms of the main characteristics of the low-frequency signals, they will receive:

a) the law of the growth of the signal (the current hour of the change in the value of the signal in the singing interval);

b) the spectral increase in the pressure on the signal.

Feedback signals from sensors in the form of images of physical processes. The stench, as a rule, is without interruption, and the odd bit of physical processes without interruption for its nature. These signals are called analog signals.

An analog signal is described by an intermittent (or piecewise-intermittent) function x A (T), moreover, the function itself, as an argument, can be taken in the given boundaries, be it meaning. Analogs signals to finish simply generate and obroblyat, however, the stench allows you to see it visibly simple technical setup. The robot of modern electronic systems is based on discrete and digital signals.

The discrete signal at the clock to go into the result of discretization of the continuous function, which represents the replacement of the uninterrupted function with mitten values ​​at discrete moments of the hour. Such a signal is described by a very frequent function (last time clock) S (n? T). You can accept whether the value is in the interval, at that hour there is a discrete value n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ..., huh? T is a sampling interval.

The quantization of the signal to go into the result of the quantization operation. The essence of the quantization operation behind the quantized field is that a number of discrete quantifying equals are used in the continuous dynamic range of the analog signal, which are called quantized equals. The stream values ​​of the analog signal are mapped to the closest quantitative values.

The quantization of the discrete quantization signal per hour allows the discrete quantization of the signal to be rejected. The digital signal is sent as a result of the numbering of the signals quantized discretely-quantized with two-digit numbers (numbers in two-dimensional numerical systems) and, also, the displayed values ​​of the discrete-quantized signal in the form of numbers.

In the midst of deterministic signals in a particular place, there are vip-probing signals, the need for detecting such signals is summed up by the needs of testing the characteristics of rozobuvannye electronic attachments.

Harmonious communication. The most widespread viprobual signal є harmonious communication, as vikoristovuyutsya in vimiruval practice for the assessment of the frequency powers of attachments of a particular sign.

A single strip is a sizeless value, which multiplies the signal s (t) on the function of a single strip is equivalent to the included signal at the moment t = 0:

s (t) for t ³ 0; (t) 1 (t) =

at t<t 0.

Delta function. For viznachennyam ?-the function is pleased with such minds:

0 for t ¹ t 0;

d (t - t 0) =

For t = t0 ;

In such a rank, ?-function to zero for all indicated values ​​of zero to the argument, and at point t = 0, the value is not infinitely large. The area is crooked, surrounded by ?-function, door-to-door unit.

3. Forms of submission of deterministic signals

Models of signals at the function of the hour are assigned, in the first place, for the analysis of the formation of signals. When transmitting signals in a folding form through any attachments, such a model often does not call the signal manually and does not allow the visualization of the essence of being seen in the attachments of physical processes.

Signals to this are represented by a set of elementary (basic) functions, in which the best are often orthogonal harmonic (sinusoidal and cosineoidal) functions. The vibe of such functions of intelligence is that it smelt, from a mathematical point of view, by the powerful functions of the systems that are invariant in some linear systems (systems whose parameters do not lie down for an hour), so as not to change their form of writing systems passing through the price. As a result, the signal can be representations of unlimited amplitudes, phases and frequencies of harmonic functions, the majority of which are called the spectrum of the signal.

Thus, there are two forms of giving a pre-determined signal: time and frequency (spectral).

The first form of the submission is based on the mathematical model of the signal at the viewer of the function at the hour t:

another - on the mathematical model of the signal at the viewer of the frequency function f, moreover, it is even more important that the model is simple only in the area of ​​complex functions:

S = (f) = S (jf).

Offended by the form of giving to the signal, tied together by a pair of re-making of Fur'є:

With a victorian kutovy (cyclic) frequency w = 2pf, the transformation of Fur'є may be such a viglyad:

Timchasov, a presentation of the harmonious kolyvannya maє takiy viglyad:

de Um, T, f0, w0, і j0 - apparently the amplitude, period, frequency, cut frequency and cob phase.

To provide such a call in the frequency area, set two frequency functions, showing that at frequency w0 the signal amplitude is road Um, and the cob phase is road j0:

Graphs of the time and frequency of the harmonic signal pointing in Fig. 2.7, de-amplitude U m i phase j 0placed at the front of the window straight.

value U m = U ( w 0) і j 0 =j (w 0) It is called by reason of the amplitude and phase spectrum of the harmonic collation, and їх sukupnіst is simply a spectrum.

It is possible to substitute victorious functions in the frequency area of ​​two functions for one more complex function. For a complete recordable hour, the harmonious kolivannya is presented in a complex form:

If I can see the region of negative frequencies (the stench of the physical sense does not faint), then you can write:

De is the complex amplitude of the harmonic amount, the modulus of the road is Um, and the argument is j0.

4. Cycle of processing of physical signals

The head meta processing of physical signals from the field in the need to remove information from them. Time information will listen to the presence in the amplitude of the signal (absolutely anyway), in the frequency, either in the spectral warehouse, in the phase or in the temporary hourly deposits of decal signals. Yak only bazhana information will be received from the signal, you can get vicoristan in other ways.

In some cases, it is possible to reformat the information so that it can be replaced by signals. Zokrema, changing the format less quickly when transmitting an audio signal to a telephone system with a wide-channel access and frequency subdivision (FDMA). In general, the analogue methods are used to distribute several voice channels in the frequency spectrum for transmission via a radio relay station to a microchip range, coaxial or fiber-optic cable. Once a digital sound has analog audio information, it can be converted from analog-to-digital to digital. Digital information, which is represented by individual audio channels, multiplexing per hour (multi-channel access with a time-based podil, TDMA) and transmitted over the last digital line.

Another reason for the processing of signals in the field is in the tightness of the frequency of the signal (without the loss of information) with the increased format and transmission of information on the lower speed, so that the channel can be transmitted. High-speed modems and systems of adaptive pulse-code modulation are widely used by algorithms for overwhelming data (squeezing), so in digital systems for mobile communication, systems for recording sound, in tele-communication.

Software and hardware complexes for automating the ringing in bagatio in the form of information, discarding from the sensors, for the broadcasting of all signals in the ringing ring, like, in its own heart, without the middle process. Tsi systems are capable of detecting both ADC and DAC, as well as sensors, attaching normalization to the signal and digital processors

In some cases, there is a drop in the signal, so to avenge the information, the presence of noise, and the main method is to update the signal. Such methods, such as filtering, synchronous detection, etc., are often used for the purpose of submitting a survey in analogue and digital fields.

In such a rank, the purpose of converting signals:

· information about the signal (amplitude, phase, frequency, spectral warehouses, timings);

· re-formatting the signal;

· Stisnennya tribute;

· forming signals into a ringing sound;

· analog-digital transformation;

· digital-to-analog conversion;

· seeing signal from noise.

... Methods for processing physical signals

Signals can be cleared from victories:

· analog methods (analog signal processing);

· digital methods (digital signal processing);

· or a combination of analog and digital methods (combined signal processing).

Attachments, in which processing of analog signals is carried out (analog processing), are called analog (analogue processors).

Attachments, in which processing of digital signals (digital processing) is carried out, are called digital (digital processors).

In some cases, the vibrations of the method of processing are clear, in those of them there is no clarity in the vibration and, moreover, they accept the residual solution to be rutted on the singing worlds, based on the crossings and shortcomings of the meanings of the methods.

Before the main conversions of digital methods of signal processing, it is possible to introduce:

· the ability to implement folding algorithms for signal processing, which is important and often difficult to implement with additional analog technology;

· the possibility of realizing the principle of "adaptation" or self-tuning, so that the ability to change the signal processing algorithm without physical overdrive and attachment (for example, it is in the form of a signal that should come to the input of the filter);

· Possibility of one-hour processing of decal signals;

· in principle, the accuracy of the signal processing is greater than or equal to;

· the visibility of instability due to instability of parameters in digital processors, temperature fluctuations, aging, zero drift, changes in life and other reasons, on the "quality" of signal processing;

· great durability of digital attachments and less power, clock and frequency "vitrati" for the transmission of digital signals (in the context of the transmission of analog signals);

· bilsh visoky rivn development of digital attachments.

Before the shortage of digital processors, you can include:

· great foldability for analogue outbuildings and for a greater amount of money;

· not on the ceiling, like b, shvidkodiya;

· the unfriendliness of the assumption of specific errors, due to sampling, to signal quanta and rounded in the process of calculation.

The current problem stands in front of the vibrator of a proper combination of analog and digital methods for the transmission of signal processing tasks. It is unwise to cut through physical analog signals, vicorist and only digital methods, as well as all sensors (microphones, thermocouples, strain gauges, p'zoelectric crystals, storage heads on magnetic disks, etc.) є with analog attachments. That is, since the signals can be seen in the form of normalization lanes for further processing of signals in an analog or digital method. As a matter of fact, normalization signal lances are similar to analogue processors, which can be displayed:

· strengthening the signals in the front and back (buffer) signals);

· the appearance of the signal against the background noise by high-precision signals of the in-phase signal;

· dynamically compressed range (logarithmic gains, logarithmic digital-to-analog coders and signals with programmed performance);

· filtration (passive and active).

literature

1.Volinsky V.A. that in. Elektrotekhnika / B.A. Volinsky, E.N. Zane, V.Є. Shaternikov: Textbook. checklist for universities. - M .: Vischa school, 2011. - 528 p., Іl.

2.Kasatkin O.S., Numtsov M.V. Electrical engineering: Textbook. checklist for universities. - 4th ed., Revised. - M .: Vishcha school, 2003. - 440 p., Іl.

.Basics of industrial electronics: Pidruchnik for non-electrical engineering. specialist. vuziv V.G. Gerasimov, O. M. Knyazkov, A. E. Krasnopolskiy, V.V. Sukhorukov; ed ed. V.G. Gerasimov. - 3rd ed., Revised. і add. - M .: Vischa. shk., 2006. - 336 p., il.

.Electrotechnics and electronics in 3 books. Pid ed. V.G. Gerasimova Book 1. Electric and magnetic lancers. - M.: Vischa school. - 2006 p

.Electrotechnics and electronics in 3 books. Pid ed. V.G. Gerasimova Book 2. Electromagnetic attachments and electrical machines. - M.: Vischa school. - 2007 r

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