Antipyretic remedies for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are situations of indispensable help for fevers, if the child needs to give faces negligently. Then the fathers take on themselves the resuscitation and stop the antipyretic preparations. What can be given to infants? How can you lower the temperature in older children? What are the most safe faces?
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal Agency for Education
State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ural State Economic University"
Department of Economics and Law
Philia Urdeu at m. M. Tagil
Control robot
from disciplines:
"Informatics"
option 8___
Topic: "History of the development of cats counting technique»
Vikonavets:
student gr. 1EKIP
Gorbunova A.A.
Vikladach:
Skorokhodov B.A.
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..3
1 Stages of development of the techniques of calculation…………………………………..4
2 Characteristics of generations of EOM…………………………………………………...9
3 The role of counting techniques in the life of a person………………………13
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………… 14
Entry
Knowledge of the history of the development of numerical technology is an indispensable component of the professional competence of a future specialist in the gallery information technologies. The first steps of automating the rozumova praci can be seen by itself to the numerical activity of the people, as already at the early stages of their civilization, they began to victorize their own instrumental rahunka.
If so, follow the mother on the uvazi, who develop the development of the calculation technique, which they have recommended themselves well, vikoristovuyutsya people and at the given hour for the automation of various calculation.
Automated systemsє nevid'emnoy part of whether-what business that virobnitstva. Practically all managerial and technological processes of the world are victorious in the field of computational technology. Only one computer can significantly increase the efficiency of business management without creating additional problems. Today, personal computers are installed on the skin working area, and already there is no doubt about their need. Significant obsyagi zasobіv enumeration technology and their special role in the functioning of any enterprise to put a low new task before the engraving.
In this robot, the history of the development of the calculation technique will be looked at, as a help to understand that the day and the meaning of the EOM will be explored.
1 Stages of development of techniques of calculation
Іsnuє kіlka еtapіv razvitku zasobіv obzslyuvalnoї tehnіkі, yak people koristuyutsya th hour.
Manual stage of development of the calculation technique.
The manual period of automation was calculated on the dawn of human civilization and was based on the various parts of the body, right in front of the fingers and toes.
The finger rahunok sings to the roots in deep antiquity, zustrichayuchisya at that ch іngshomu in all peoples and in our days. Some middle-aged mathematicians recommended as an additional zasib to the very finger rahunka, which allowed to do an effective rahunka system. Fixation of the results of the examination was carried out in a different way: applied nasіchok, lіchilnі sticks, vuzliks and іn. For example, among the peoples of pre-Columbian America, there were more than a few roses of the eyeballs. Moreover, the system of higher education played the role of its own kind of chronicles and litopisivs, able to complete a foldable structure. However, victoria її meant good memory training.
Rakhunok, for help, grouping that shifting of objects, becoming the front of the rakhunka on the abacus - the most blameless rakhunka accessory of old, which has been saved to this day by looking different type rakhunkiv.
The abacus, being the first apparition of the history of humankind, was the main example of any kind of forward methods of calculation, and the calculation of discharges was the main one. In this rank, the abacus victorious already conveys the presence of a certain positional system of numbers, for example, tens, ternary, fivefold and in. The rich way of improving the abacus called for the creation of a curative accessory of a completed classical form, which is victorious right up to the era of the rosette of the keyboard decks of the EOM. The same day today, you can learn something that helps in rozrachunkovyh operations. The first appearance of fluffy electronic calculators in the 70s of our century created a real threat to the distant Russian, Chinese and Japanese raccoons - three of the main classical forms of the abacus, which have been preserved to this day. When you stay at home, the sample of thoroughly Russian rachunks in the way is combined with the multiplication table until 1921.
Good priosovaniya before the end of the operation, folding that vіdnіmannya, abacus appeared insufficiently effective attachment for vikonannya operations plural that podіlu. For this reason, the introduction of logarithms and logarithmic tables by John Napier at the beginning of the 17th century became a great step in the development of manual calculation systems. The year is low modification of logarithmic tables. However, at practical work The use of logarithmic tables may be a number of inconsistencies, to which John Napier, as an alternative method, zaproponuvav spetsialnі rahunkovі sticks (called by the year Napier's sticks), which allowed zdіysnyuvat operation of multiplying that podіlu without intervening numbers. The basis given method Neper slaying the method of multiplying with garats.
In order with the sticks, Neper, having propped up the lіchlnu plate for vikonanny operations of multiplication, rozpodіlu, squaring and squaring the square root in the two system, transferring the importance of such a system of numbers to automate the calculation.
Logarithms served as the basis for the creation of a miraculous calculating tool - a logarithmic line, which has been used for over 360 years to serve as engineering and technical practitioners of the world.
The mechanical stage of the development of numerical technology.
The development of the mechanics of the 17th century became the reason for the creation of counting outbuildings and accessories, the vicorist principle of counting. Such extensions were based on mechanical elements and they automatically transferred the highest grade.
The first mechanical machine was described in 1623 by Wilhelm Schickard, implemented in a single copy and was intended for performing several arithmetic operations on 6-bit numbers.
Shikkard's machine was made up of three independent outbuildings: one for summation, one for multiplying and recording numbers. The addition was carried out to the last introduction of the additions for the additional dialing disks, and the last one - to the last introductions of the change and are considered. The number to be entered, and the result of the fold and change were displayed at the end of the reading. For the victorious operation of multiplication, the idea of multiplication was victorious. p align="justify"> The third part of the machine was scored to record a number up to a maximum of 6 digits.
At the car of Blaise Pascal, more victorious foldable scheme the transfer of senior ranks, which were rarely won; In 1642, the first working model of the machine was invented, and then a series of 50 machines was adopted to achieve wide popularity for the wine industry and the formation of a supple idea about the possibility of automating the rose-based practice.
The first arithmometer, which allows you to carry out all sorts of arithmetic operations, was created by Gottfried Leibnitz as a result of bagatory practice. The pinnacle of this work is the Leibniz arithmometer, which allows you to beat an 8-bit multiplier and a 9-bit multiplier with a 16-bit multiplier.
p align="justify"> Particularly in the middle of the mechanical stage, the development of the numerical technique is occupied by the robots of Charles Babbage, who is considered the founder and ideologist of the modern numerical technique. In the middle of Babbage's work, two main lines are clearly visible: retail and analytical counting machines.
The project of the retail machine was split up in the 20s of the 19th century and was assigned to the tabulation of polynomial functions by the way of the last retail. The main stimulus for these robots was the urgent need for tabulating functions and reversing basic mathematical tables, clarifying pardons.
Babbage's other project is an analytical machine that wins the principle of software control and the front of modern EOM. The Danish draft of proponations in the 30s of the 19th century, and in 1843 Aloy Lovelace wrote the first in the world for the Bebbij's machine to complete a neat program for calculating Bernoulli numbers.
Charles Bebbij at his machine has a victorious mechanism, similar to the mechanism of Jacquard's weaving verst, which is a vicorist special punched card. Behind Babbage's idea, management can be developed with a pair of Jacardian mechanisms with a set of punched cards at the skin.
Bebbij maw at random suchasnі statements about counting machines, prote tekhnіchnі zasobi, yakі buli in order, richly looked at yоgo application.
Electromechanical stage of development of numerical technology
The electromechanical stage in the development of computational technology has become the least trivial and successful in almost 60 years. Rethinking the creation of projects at this stage was the need to carry out mass developments (economy, statistics, management and planning, etc.), and the development of applied electrical engineering (electrical drives and electromechanical relays), allowed the creation of electromechanical devices.
The classic type of zasobіv elektromekhanіchnogo etapu buv lіlіlno-analіtichny complex, appointments for the processing of information on punched card carriers.
The first personal-analytical complex of creations in the USA by Herman Hollerit in 1887 was formed from: a manual perforator, a sorting machine and a tabulator. The main features of the complex were the statistical processing of punched cards, as well as the mechanization of bookkeeping and economic tasks. In 1897, Rotis Hollerit organized the firm, but far away it became known as IBM.
Developing the work of R. Hollerith, at the bottom of the country, a number of models of analytical and analytical complexes are being developed and developed, including the most popular and massive boules of the IBM company, the Remington company and the Buhl company.
The final period (40 years of the XX century) of the electromechanical stage of the development of the numerical technology is characterized by the folding of a series of folding relay and relay-mechanical systems with program control, which are characterized by algorithmic versatility and building construction order to change the speed of robotic arithmometers with electric drive.
Konrad Zuse, becoming the pioneer of the creation of a universal computing machine with program management and information storage in the annex. However, the first model Z-1 (which conceived the Z-car series) ideologically compromised Babbage's design - it did not transfer the mental transfer of control. So, for the future, the models Z-2 and Z-3 were expanded.
The remaining great project of relay counting technology was inspired in 1957 by the RVM-1 relay counting machine in the SRSR until the end of 1964, which was operated mainly for the implementation of economic tasks.
Electronic stage development of computational technology.
Due to the physical and technical nature of the relay calculation, the technique did not allow to increase the accuracy of the calculation; for which one you need a transition to electronic, inertia-free elements of a high speed code.
The first EOM is the English car Colossus, created in 1943 with the participation of Alan Turing. The machine passed close to 2000 electric lamps and it was small to achieve a high swidcode, it was tested by a university specialist.
The first EOM adopted the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) machine, created in the USA like 1945. On the back, it was recognized as the top ballistics leader, the car turned out to be universal, tobto. zdatnoy rozvyazuvati razvnі zavdannya.
Even before the beginning of the operation of ENIAC, John Mouchlі and Presper Eckert, at the beginning of the US military department, rozpochali project on a new computer EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Automatic Variable Computer), which we will thoroughly consider for the first time. This machine had a large memory (for 1024 44-bit lines; at the time of completion, an additional memory for 4000 lines for data was added), it was recognized both for data and for programs.
The EDSAC computer started a new stage in the development of computational technology - the first generation of universal EOMs.
2 Characteristics of generations of EOM
Beginning in 1950, skin 7-10 years were radically upgraded constructive-technological and software-algorithmic principles that inspired the EOM. It is right to speak about the generation of counting machines in the link with the cim. Mentally, the skin generation can live ten years.
The first generation of EOM 1950-1960s
Logic circuits were created on discrete radio components and electronic vacuum tubes with a heating thread. In operational memory attachments, magnetic drums, acoustic ultrasonic mercury and electromagnetic lines of fading were installed, electron tubes. In the ranks of the outbuildings, there were accumulated accumulating devices on magnetic lines, punched cards, punched lines and plug-in switches.
The programming of the EOM robots of this generation was vikonuvalos in two systems of machine numbers, so the programs were zhorstko orientated on specific model the machines that "died" at once with these models.
In the middle of the 1950s, machine-oriented mov types of symbolic coding (YSC) appeared, which allowed the replacement of the two-word recording of commands and the address of the vikoristaty of their abbreviations of words (literals) of the tens of numbers.
EOM, beginning with UNIVAC and finishing with BESM-2 and the first models of EOM "Minsk" and "Ural", can be seen up to the first generation of counting machines.
Another generation of EOM: 1960-1970s
Logic circuits were based on discrete conductors and magnetic elements. As a constructive and technological basis, schemes with other installation were victorious. The block principle of designing machines has become widely adopted, which allows connecting to the main outbuildings to a large number of different people. outbuildings that secures more flexible computers. The clock frequencies of robotic electronic circuits have moved up to hundreds of kilohertz.
Began to zastosovuvatsya old hoarders on hard magnetic disks and on floppy disks - an intermediate level of memory between storage devices on magnetic lines and operational memory.
In 1964, the first monitor for computers appeared - the IBM 2250. The design was a monochrome display with a screen of 12 x 12 inches in a separate building of 1024 x 1024 pixels. Vіn mav frame rate 40 Hz.
The creation of improved computers in the control system was greedy for higher productivity, and smut - for superiority. In computers, codes have become widely used to show and correct pardons, to introduce control schemes.
In machines of another generation, the modes of batch processing and telecomputing of information were first implemented.
The first EOM, which was often victorious, was equipped with a replacement for electric lamps, a machine, created in 1951.
On the cob of the 60s, napіvprovіdnikovі cars began to vibrate in the SRSR.
Third generation of EOM: 1970-1980s
The logic circuits of the 3rd generation EOM were mostly used on small integrated circuits. The clock frequencies of robotic electronic circuits have increased to a few megahertz. The voltage of life decreased (one volt) and the tension was reduced by the machine. Іstotno nadvishchilsya nadіynіstі that shvidkodіya EOM.
Miniature ferrite cores, ferite plates and magnetic smelting with a rectilinear hysteresis loop were used in the operational memory attachments. In the guise of ovnishnіh outbuildings, disk storage devices began to vigorize widely.
Two more equal memory extensions have appeared: super-operational extensions on trigger registers, which may have a large widcode, and a small capacity (tens of numbers), and a widcode cache-memory.
Starting from a wide choice of integrated circuits in computers, technological progress in computing machines can be traced, using a wide variety of Moore's law. One of the founders of the company Intel Gordon Moore in 1965 broke the law, for example, the number of transistors in one microcircuit is subdued through skin 1.5 rocks.
Zvazhayutsya on the basis of the complication of both hardware and logical structures of the 3rd generation EOM often began to be called systems.
In counting machines of the third generation, significant attention is paid to the change in the laboriousness of programming, the efficiency of programming in machines, and the reduction in the link between the operator and the machine. Tse bezpechuetsya pushing operating systems, Advanced programming automation system, efficient program rewriting systems, operating modes with low machine hours, real-time operating modes, multi-programming operating modes and new interactive communication modes. Appearing and effective video terminal for connecting the operator with the machine - a video monitor, or a display.
Great respect is attached to the promotion of reliability and reliability of the functioning of the EOM and the facilitation of its technical maintenance. Reliability and reliability are ensured by the universal variation of codes with automatic manifestations and corrections of pardons (koreguyuchi kody Hammin-ga and cyclical kody).
Fourth generation of EOM: 1980-1990s
The revolutionary approach to the development of computer technologies of the fourth generation of machines was the creation of great and super-large integrated circuits, a microprocessor and a personal computer.
Logic integrated circuits in computers began to be combined with the adjustment of unipolar field-operated CMOS-transistors with non-intermediate links, as they work with smaller amplitudes of electrical voltages.
Five generations of EOM: 1990-now.
Briefly, the basic concept of the Fifth Generation EOM can be formulated as follows:
Computers on overfolding microprocessors with a parallel-vector structure, like dozens of subsequent program instructions at once.
Computers with a bagatma of hundreds of parallel working processors, allow the system to process data from that knowledge, efficient networking of computer systems.
The next generation of EOM
Electronic and optoelectronic computers with massive parallelism, neural structure, with a wide range of large numbers (tens of thousands) of microprocessors that model the architecture of neural biological systems.
3 The role of counting techniques in life.
The role of informatics is constantly growing in today's minds. Activity like a small number of people, and many organizations and the big world to lie in the form of information and building capacity effectively vikoristovuvat nayavnu information. Persh nizh live like a diy, it is necessary to carry out great robot for the selection and processing of information, її comprehension and analysis. The knowledge of rational solutions in the be-a-kіy sphere, owing to the processing of great communications of information, which is sometimes impossible without the knowledge of special technical aids. The choice of computers, modern technologies for processing and transferring from various industries served as the beginning of the process called the informatization of the industry. The current material variability and other spheres of activity will increasingly require information services, the processing of a large amount of information. Informatization on the basis of the development of computer and telecommunication technologies and the response of society to the needs of the current increase in the productivity of work in the information sector
Information technologies have reached all spheres of our life. The computer is able to improve the efficiency of the learning process, taking part in all types of human activity, indispensable for the social sphere. Інфоросцініеніїниолії - TsEA APPARATE-PROGRACTIVIKI, SHO TECHNIY IN VICTERANNIY INTERNET OPERAKHNYY, YAKI SLIMATEY INFORMATSIKY, DELIVERY RUSSIA, IT IS IS IT ISPORT IS VODEMIY STUDENT WORKS, ABOUT ABOUT DESTANGE SERVICE.
It can be assumed that the evolution of technology in general continues the natural evolution. Yakscho osvoєnnya kam'yanih znaryad dopomoglo sformuvatisya lyudskomu іntelektu, metalevі pіdvischili produktivnіst fіzichnoї pratsі (nastіlki scho okremy prosharok suspіlstva zvіlnivsya for іntelektualnoї dіyalnostі), the machine mehanіzuvali fіzichnu Prace then іnformatsіyna tehnologіya poklikat zvіlniti Lyudin od rutinnoї sili.
Visnovok
It is possible to live in the 21st century as an illuminated human being, if only better with information technologies. And even more diyalnist people all over the world lie down in the form of information, building capacity to efficiently extract information. For a free orientation in the information flows, the current fahivets, whether it be some profile, is guilty of taking, processing and typing information for additional computers, telecommunications and other means of communication. They talk about information as if it were a strategic resource of a state, as if it were a resource that determines the development of a state.
For the help of learning the history of the development of counting techniques, you can know the whole life and the meaning of EOM in the life of a person. It’s better to learn more about them and easily embrace new progressive technologies, even if it’s not necessary to forget about those that computer technologies progress more than a skin day and even if you don’t get into everyday cars, it’s important to do it later.
At the representations of the robots, it was possible to show what started and how the development of counting techniques will end and how important the role of stench is played for people in this hour.
The personal computer is a quick change in our lives. Even more rokіv that boulo rіdkіstyu like a personal computer - stink boules, ale buli more expensive, and not a leather company could have found a mother in the office computer. Now the third skin booth has a computer, which has already deeply influenced the life of a person.
Modern counting machines are one of the most significant achievements of human thought, having poured in something important to reevaluate the development of scientific and technological progress. The area of EOM stagnation is large and constantly expanding.
Navit 30 years ago, there were only about 2000 different galluses of microprocessor technology. General management of production (16%), transport and communications (17%), information and calculation equipment (12%), military equipment (9%), on-line equipment (3%), education (2%), aviation and space (15%), medicine (4%), scientific research, communal and municipal government, banking appearance, metrology and other areas.
Computers at the mortgages. Computers literally created a revolution in the business world. The secretary should practically set the hour for the preparation of additional documents and sheets for the final processing of texts. The installation device is a personal computer for displaying large-format tables and graphic materials on the display screen. Accountants zastosovuyut computers for financial management install and maintain documentation.
Computers on virobnitstvі. Computers know zastosuvannya at vykonannі a wide number of foragers. So, for example, a dispatcher at a great factory can have his own automated control system, which ensures the uninterrupted operation of various units. Computers vikoristovuyutsya also to control the temperature and vice versa zdiisnennya raznyh virobnicheskikh protsessiv. It is also computer-controlled robots in factories, say, on the lines of car storage, which include operations that are repeated many times, for example, tightening bolts or zabarvlennya body parts.
The computer is a constructor's assistant. The design of the construction of the lantern, the bridge will require a great deal of time and effort. They are one of the most laborious types of work. Today, at the computer, designers may be able to dedicate their time to the whole process of designing, shards of refurbishment and preparation of the chair, the machine “takes on itself”. Butt: the designer of automobiles is responsible for the help of the computer, as the shape of the body is added to the working characteristics of the automobile. For the help of such attachments, like an electronic pen and a tablet, the designer can quickly and easily make changes to the project and check the result on the display screen.
Computer at the self-service store. Let me know that in the year 1979 you are working a non-working day like a cashier at a great department store. If the buyers put their purchases on the counter, you are obliged to read the price of the leather purchase and enter it into the cash register. And now let's turn to our days. You, like before, work as cashiers and in the same department store. Alas, a lot has changed here. If now the buyers put their purchases on the counter, you pass the skin from them through the optical scanning attachment, which reads the universal code, of application for the purchase, for which the computer assigns the price of this choice, which is stored in the memory of the computer, and її on a small screen, so that the buyer can instantly choose his purchases. As only a few of the selected goods passed through the optical scanning device, the computer unknowingly saw the large variety of the delivered goods.
Computer for banking operations. Viconannya finansovykh razrakhunkiv for the help of a home personal computer - just one of the possible zastosuvan at the bank's right. Advanced calculation systems allow you to perform a large number of operations, including the processing of checks, the registration of a change in a skin deposit, the acceptance and type of deposits, the execution of a position and the transfer of deposits from one account to another or from a jar to a jar. In addition, the largest banks have automatic attachments, roztashovani outside the boundaries of the bank. Banking machines allow customers not to stand for a long time at the bank, take pennies from the bank, if the bank is closed. All that is needed is to insert a plastic bank card into the automatic attachment. As little as possible, the necessary operations will be completed.
Computer in medicine. How often do you get sick? Mabut, did you have a cold, chicken pox, are you living ill? Like in these vipadkah, you turned to the doctor, having looked around for all the wines more effectively. Prote medicine is a complicated science. Іsnuє impersonal ailments, skin s for some may be less powerful symptoms. In addition, there are dozens of ailments with the same and similar symptoms. In such cases, it is important for doctors to make an accurate diagnosis. And then youma come to the aid of a computer. Nine rich doctors win the computer as a helper when making a diagnosis, tobto. for clarification, what to hurt the patient herself. For some ailments, it is really hard, the results of the cold are to help the computer. For a small amount of time, the computer checks, which of the broken analyzes gave an anomalous result. With whom you can name a possible diagnosis.
Computer near the sphere of education. Today, a lot of initial mortgages cannot do without computers. Dosit say, scho s additional computers: three-dimensional children begin to distinguish objects from their own form; six seven children begin to read and write; school graduates are preparing for admissions to the highest initial mortgages; students dosl_dzhuyut, scho become, as if the temperature of the nuclear reactor to exceed the allowable boundary. "Machine learning" is a term that means the process of learning for the help of a computer. Remain at the time of acting in the role of "teacher". In this capacity, a microcomputer or a terminal can be used, which is a part of the transfer of data. The process of assimilation of the initial material is gradually controlled by the teacher, and even as the initial material is given in a package of similar EOM programs, it can be mastered by the students themselves.
Computers are in line with the law. The axis of novelty, so as not to soothe the wickedness: “the hands of the law” are now secured by counting technology. "Intellectual" mіts that temple swidkodіya kom'yutera, yogo zdatnіst izdatnіst obroblyat large amount of information, now put at the service of law enforcement agencies to improve the efficiency of work. The establishment of computers to save a lot of information is victorious by law enforcement agencies until the filing of a card file of malicious activity. Electronic data banks with the most reliable information are easily accessible to state and regional governments of the country. So, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) may in its order a sovereign wealth bank of data, which operates as a national center for criminal information. Computers are vicorated by the right-protective organs in the informational networks of the EOM, and in the process of rose work. For example, in the laboratories of forensic scientists, computers can help to analyze speeches that have been detected on the mischief. The visnovki of a computer-expert often appear to be superior to the proofs of the right.
A computer is like a meeting of people. If one computer wants to work on two people, the stench is already blamed for the failure of the computer to exchange information with one another. On great machines, like dozens, or even hundreds of people, for whom it was transferred special programs, which allow coristuvacha nadsilati podomlennya one to one. Chi varto talk about those who just showed up the ability to combine a few machines in the merezh, koristuvachi rushed for the opportunity not only to win over the resources of distant machines, but also to expand the number of their aggregation. Programs are being created, which are recognized as being exchanged with the help of coristuvachs, which are different machines. The most universal benefit of computer communication is electronic mail. Vaughn allows you to transfer practicality from be-like machines to be-like, shards of more cars, which are used in different systems, they support. E-mail is the widest service of the Internet. In this hour, their addresses for email Mayut approximately 20 million people. Strengthening a sheet with electronic mail is much cheaper for sending a special sheet. In addition, notification, sent by e-mail, reached the addressee for a few years, then the same sheet can reach the addressee for a few days, or even days.
The Internet is a global computer network that embraces the entire world. Today the Internet may have close to 15 million subscribers in more than 150 countries of the world. Shhomіsyatsya obsjag merezhі zbіlshuєtsya by 7-10%. The Internet establishes a certain core, which secures the links of various informational networks, which should lie with different settings in the whole world, one by one.
The Internet offers a unique opportunity for cheap, premium, and confidential global communications around the world. It seems more convenient for firms, yakі mayut their filії all over the world, transnational corporations and management structures. Using the Internet infrastructure for international calls is much cheaper than a direct computer call through a satellite channel or through a telephone.
Description of robots
Meta research - to determine the role and importance of informatics and computational technology in the service.
At the link with the set method, you can see the following order:
- reveal the meaning and understanding of informatics and computational technology;
- Expand understanding of informational support;
- describe the influx of informatics and computational technology in modern industry.
Entry 3
1. The essence and understanding of informatics and computational technology 5
2. Concept of informational support 11
3. Influence of informatics and computational technology in modern society 18
Visnovok 21
List of victorious literature 23
Additive ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Files: 1 file
Informatics and computational techniques help to understand the rich processes involved in the use of essential information. Informatics itself has the following nutrition:
Possibility of adding objects to the database program;
Efficiently that shvidke vyrishennya іnformatsiynyh and nebhіdnih odchilyuvalnyh zavdan;
Depending on the mind, that method of collecting information, which is known in a specific way, that renewal, if necessary;
Movie programming and interaction between people and computer programs.
Informatics and computational technology have entered the life of people recently. The very concept of "informatics" was introduced only in 1957 by the German Karl Steinbuch. And then already the whole word and the whole understanding spread throughout the whole world. As a science, it began to develop from the 1970s, and earlier it simply entered, like an acronym, into mathematics and electronics.
Historically, the word informatics resembles the French word Informatique, which was adopted after the term Information (information) and Automatique (automatics). Despite the wide choice of the term informatics in the lower lands of Northern Europe, in the greater lands of Western Europe, the United States wins another term - Computer Science (science about the production of computational technology).
As a term for informatics, it is customary to name two sciences: documentary and cybernetics. Documentary, the subject of which was the development of rational benefits and methods of improving the efficiency of documentary work, was formed like the XIX century. at the link with a burkhlivym development of virobnicheskih vіdnosin. Її rozkvit falling on 20 - 30th rocks. XX century
The most close to computer science is the technical science of cybernetics (cyberneticos) - a master in management, the foundations of which were laid in 1948 by the American mathematician Norbert Wiener.
Tsikavo, that the term cybernetics was first used by the French physicist Andre Marie Ampère in the first half of the 19th century. Vіn having taken up the development of a single system of classification of all sciences and naming by this term the hypothetical science of management, which at that time did not exist, but yak, on this thought, is small.
The subject of KIBERNETTICS є Principles bobbling the functions of the automatic control system, and the main distributives - Methods of the Modeluvanna processed by Priyattya Rіshhen, the sign of the MIZH psychologist, the people of the mathematics logiko, Zv'Iniya MІZHDUMUM TYEMTERSIY EARLY PROSHIGS IN SUSPILESTY, DRIVE PRINTY intellect. In practice, cybernetics tends to rely on the same software and hardware technologies of computational technology, which are informatics, and computer science, in its line, behind cybernetics, has a mathematical and logical basis for the development of these techniques.
The modern society can be called informational. Within the framework of directly informatics in nature, the Suspension considers the influx of processes of informatization on people and on mutually interoperable, as well as informational processes that occur in biological systems.
In this way, in our current age, which is changing rapidly, informatics and computational technology have become not just the norm of life, but have become the understanding that signifies our life. Already, the foundations begin to fall, depending on how successfully people are investigating them. If a person behaves with computer technology on “tee”, then they live in the rhythm of the hour and always check for success on it.
2. Concept of informational support
For a long time, the power of the state began with the number and number of soldiers, the presence of a gold fund, millions of tons of steel, or billions of kilowatt-years of generated electricity. The information is the most important indicator of the level of scientific development, economic and defense power of the state. What more її viroblyayetsya in the people's state, then the greater life of the population, economically that political vaga of the country.
Modern society is characterized by a sharp increase in the dissemination of information that circulates in all circles of human activity. This caused the informatization of the suspense.
Under the informatization of the state of mind, the organization of social and economic and scientific and technical processes of creating optimal minds for the satisfaction of information needs and the realization of the rights of physical legal issues based on the formation and selection of information resources - documents in various forms of submission.
The method of informatization is the creation of an information society, if most people are engaged in the selection, saving, processing and implementation of information. For the sake of accomplishing this task, the new ones are directly blamed on the scientific and practical activities of the members of the society. So vinyl science and information technology.
Appropriate to the concept of 3. Brzezinski, D. Bell, O. Toffler, which is promoted by other foreign scholars, information society is a kind of post-industrial society. Rosovdyuchi Suspiloti Goshilniki Zmіn Stadiy, Prichirski Suspalism of the Concommunications of Yogo, the Fourth of the Fourth, the Fourth School of Domanovans, Ideki Scho Idea for Throm Vіdomi sectors - Silician Georce, Promisovіstu Tu Ekonikomo. At the same time, the stench is hardened, that capital and practice, as the basis of industrial society, donate the mass of information and knowledge to information support. Informational Suspіlstvo - Suspіlstvo especially, not in view of history. The dates of this appointment are important;
- presence of information infrastructure, which consists of transcordon information-telecommunication networks and distribution of information resources as a store of knowledge;
- mass zastosuvannya of personal computers connected to transcordon information and telecommunication networks (TITS). To the same mass, otherwise it is a suspension, and the marriage of a few members;
- preparation by a member of the partnership to work on personal computersі in transcordon information and telecommunication events;
- new forms and types of activities at TITS or at the virtual space (every labor activity at the enterprises, purchase and sale of goods and services, calls and communications, repairs and rozvaga, medical services, etc.);
- the ability of the skin to practically mitteva z TITS ovnu, accurate and reliable information;
- practical mitteva communication of the cutaneous member of the suspіlstva with the dermal, the dermal with the usima and all with the dermal (for example, "chat" for interests to the Internet);
- transformation of the fidelity of costs mass information(ZMI), integration of ZMI and TITS, creation of a single medium for expanding mass information - multimedia;
- the presence of geographic and geopolitical borders of powers - a participant of TITS, "breaking" the national laws of the krai in these regions, the formation of a new international information law and legislation.
Behind the side of the medal is the growth of the obligation to inform, becoming an information hunger, tobto. impossibility to know and take it off at the same time and in the necessary obhіdnu іnformatsiyu in science, management, economics. According to the law of A.A.Kharkevich, information grows in proportion to the square of the national income of the region. Inevitably, there is an information bar, if the complexity of the processing of information flows exceeds human capabilities, the shards of people on the river for an 8-year working day can not exceed 1 million operations. Otzhe, schob vykonat tsyu kіlkіst operations manually, nіbіbnі іnіtіѕ іlkіst people, yak vyschuuє populyаnієї kraїni. The rate of increase in the number of practitioners in the sphere of management is 2-3 times higher than the rate of increase in the number of workers in the field of management. Streams of information grow by the exhibitor. Lyudina, being the main bearer of progress, streams a lot of movement, being unable to absorb and process all the necessary information, as it is necessary to make an immediate decision. To help him came counting machines, the method of zastosuvannya such gradually improve. And only computerization allows you to process the processing of information for the necessary communication. Computing is the ultimate choice of computational technology and software. For whom, communication with a computer is constantly being developed and its fields of development are expanding: science, material engineering (including mimicry devices to robots), gnuchka automated systems, wires, telephones, game consoles, etc. However, successful computerization can take care of three minds: high quality technology, software and well-organized service maintenance. Rick y r_k grow up to a high technical culture and computer literacy of people. Fahivets, who is not a master of computer work, can easily be in this position, like a person, because he does not know the multiplication tables, he cannot read and write. To that, to the complex of the most necessary knowledge, krіm historical and cultural, include computer literacy. The world has accumulated the knowledge of counting the number of recrystallized technologies of crystallization of the main directions and staging: information systems, automation of management and mathematical modeling. Nini is an important indicator of the level of information development and globally accessible computer bases of data and knowledge. Kozhen, who needs that chi іnsha іnformatsija, can connect to such a base and take the vіdomostі, scho yogo tsіkavlyat. The availability of databases and knowledge allows you to actively seek out new information in your sphere of activity. In the situation that has evolved, the main areas of informatization and computerization of the sector have been identified: Organization of economic information in enterprises. Under the patronage of the head, it is necessary to have reliable and up-to-date information about the nomenclature, the prices and the pickers, about the markets for the work, and about the supply of this proposition in the country and beyond the cordon. The creation of a system of information services for the population with a variety of computers, as a signifi- cantly saves an hour and lets people for self-enlightenment and creative work. Organization of the system of health protection and social security from the maintenance of EOM, which allows improving the work of computer consulting centers, creating diagnostic computer expert systems, improving the appearance and service of the disabled, lonely, mildly ill people. Computerization of the system of education of science, how to speed up and secure the process of obtaining knowledge for the development of basic systems and accessible knowledge bases; appearance in operation of audio video cassettes from initial video courses, systems of electronic books and journals. Technologies, orientation of the acquisition, processing, storage and expansion (transmission) of information took away the name of information technologies. As if it were technology, information technology includes a large set of materials (nosії іnformatsiї, tekhnіchnі zasobi vimіryuvannya її stanіv, obrobії) that way їх vzaєmodії, fakhіvtsії and sukupnії organіznі organіznі sev. But on the vіdmіnu vіd whether аkої іnzhenerії tekhnologii, іnformatsiіynі technologii ї allow іntegruvati іnі іnі types of technologies, and іnformatіya, іkе stink іnformed іn different spheres іаlnostі, sіnєєє є to accumulate dіsprobіdu і prodavіdzhennya pіdpovіdzhennya pіdpovіdzhennya
Іnformatsiyna culture - vminnya tіlespravovano pracsyuvati z іnformatsієyu and vikoristovuvat for її otrimannya, obrobka and transmission of computer information technology, suchasnі tekhnіchnі zasobi and methods.
Information culture is connected with the social nature of people. Vaughn is a product of various creative habits of a person and manifests itself in such aspects:
1) for specific recruits, there is a choice of technical outbuildings (such as a telephone to a personal computer and computer systems);
2) at the building of vikoristovuvaty at its own activity computer information technology, the basic warehouse such as numerical software products;
3) in a smart way to comprehend information from different channels: both from a periodic friend, and from electronic communications, present it to a sensible person and understand it effectively;
4) Volodymyr's main analytical processing of information;
5) vminnya pratsyuvati s different information;
6) at the known features of information flows at their own gallery of activity.
Information culture chooses knowledge from these sciences, so that it develops and attaches to a specific type of activity (cybernetics, computer science, information theory, mathematics, database design theory and a number of other disciplines). Invisible part of information culture, knowledge of new information technology and, in the meantime, zastosovuvat both for automating routine operations, and in extraordinary situations that require a non-traditional creative approach.
In the information sector, it is necessary to begin to discover the information culture of children, a handful of electronic toys, and then a personal computer. For the greatest initial pledges of social awareness of the information service, it is necessary to take into account the security of the student’s information culture, which is necessary for work in a particular sphere of activity. In the process of development of information culture for a student at VNZ, it is necessary to add computer information technologies, as the basic warehouses of the future sphere of activity, to the development of theoretical disciplines of information directing. Moreover, the quality of education can be assigned as a stage of fixed, stable skills of work and the middle of basic information technologies under the hour of perfection of typical tasks in the field of activity.
In the informational sector, the center of gravity sits on the bulk of the community, de facto it moves up to the level of training of all participants. That is why the informatization program has a special respect for giving informatization enlightenment as directly related to the problems and development of the information culture of the people. Tse, with one's own heart, to set up the enlightenment of the "object" of information, de need to change the zmist of training, in order to secure the future fakhivtsyu as a vital education and professional knowledge in the field of informatics, and the necessary cultural riven. Povsyudne vprovadzhennya personal komp'yutera usі in the sphere of national Gospodarstwa, novі schodo yogo mozhlivostі organіzatsії "amicably" software seredovischa, orієntovanogo on koristuvacha, vikoristannya telekomunіkatsіynogo zv'yazku scho zabezpechuє novі Minds for spіlnoї robot fahіvtsіv, zastosuvannya іnformatsіynih tehnologіy for nayrіznomanіtnіshoї dіyalnostі need at fahіvtsyakh, who is growing steadily. , zdatnyh її zdіysnyuvati, pose a problem to the power of reviewing the entire system of training on modern technological principles.
3. Influence of informatics and computational technology in the modern industry
The advent of that development of electronic computing technology in the other half of the twentieth century managed and continued to infuse the world's economy with that world's economy. The importance of information technology for the improvement of computerization is global. There are a lot of state structures and institutions of social welfare, economic and social spheres, science and education, culture and the way of life of people.
In our hour, the life of a skin-skinned person and the entire society is closely tied to a computer. The electronic calculation technique of the Daedal is wider to enter into all spheres of our life. The computer has become more popular not only in the fields of science and science laboratories, but also in student audiences and school classes. A growing number of fahivtsiv are constantly growing, like working with a personal computer, which is becoming their main working tool. No economical, no scientific achievements are now impossible without a quick and clear information link and without a specially trained staff.
Suspіlstva daedalі more space is occupied by different types of activity from transfers and broadening of the results in pink activity. Journalists, editors, referents, documentaries, librarians and bibliographers, informational and archival practitioners are no longer aware of the tradition that their professions lie down to different types of activity. Now it is already richly understood that we can see the stages of the same process of intellectual communication. Communication - communication, communication, information (procedure and way of communication) - can be communicated without middle, physically, but also intellectual communication, so that you can reach the rosy heights of a person, lead ideally and quickly It is often called information communication.
Lecture 1. The role and significance of the calculation technique in the practice.Computers have penetrated into all spheres of activity of the people, beginning with the beginning of the development of new technologies, the development of new types of matter, which are still unknown to people. The introduction of computer technologies will facilitate the process of mastering the middle and higher initial salaries of the academics themselves, students, and working staff.
The leaders of the diversity of software and hardware security today are able to overcome all the potentialities of computer technologies. Tse allow you to save impersonal information, borrowing at your minimum cost. Also, computer technologies make it possible to collect information and information from a stolen person.
A wider expansion of the PC played an important role in the development of the practice market. Automation of the processing of information allows for a short time to work the robot, the way things were ruined earlier, informing the workers about the mill of enterprises and working areas to meet the needs. Increasing economic potential in the sphere of insurance and financial services leads to a greater exchange of services. Implementation of computer technologies for the promotion of new forms of employment and organization of work.
It takes less than an hour to develop new projects, because you don’t need to spend a lot of time on the calculation process and you can again dedicate an hour to the process itself. Computer technologies play a great role in medicine, various virtual models of disease development are being created, great information bases are being created, new preparations are being found for such wines.
The computer today is a tool for communication, and the link itself has found the moment. For people with limited abilities, at times the only way is not less than a trick, but even with modern computer technologies, people can realize it for themselves, take on a job.
Computer technologies give a positive effect on the development of children with the right choice. It is noted that with a competent selection of programs and games, children develop more logical thoughts, improve coordination of eyes and hands. The child develops self-confidence and a sense of wetness, the children are in pairs with the children, as if they do not know how to greet the computer.
On the other hand, there is no access to great information and sometimes to an overworld computer tower, mainly the Internet-deposit or the fallout from computer games. And the manager is both psychological and physical. People, over the world buried computer games. Some people develop staleness in the mountains, and for the impossibility of satisfying their needs in the great world, moods become worse, become anxious, sometimes depressed.
Internet staleness is blamed on people who are transcendentally connected to social measures, I, as a rule, blame the quiet ones, who have little comradeship in an extraordinary life, did not dare to realize themselves. But let's not go into the essence of these problems, but mostly blame the rules. And with a competent use of computer technology, the roughness is inconceivably greater, and mi tse vіdchuvaemo with a skin day more and more.
Information technologies - the whole class of spheres of activity, as it is necessary to manage the technologies of management and the processing of the great flow of information from the zastosuvannya of the computational technique.
Information technology, like and be-like else, can support such maxims:
to ensure a high level of analysis of the entire process of processing information at stages (phases), operations, activities;
include the entire set of elements required to reach the delivered mark;
mother regular character. Etapi, dії, operations technological process can be standardized and unified, which will allow more efficient management information processes.
Іnformatizatsіya suspіlstva - tse the global sotsіalny Process, osoblivіst yakogo polyagaє in fact scho domіnuyuchim view dіyalnostі in sferі suspіlnogo virobnitstva Je zbirannya, nakopichennya, obrobka, zberіgannya, transfer, vikoristannya, produkuvannya Informácie scho zdіysnyuyutsya on osnovі Suchasnyj zasobіv mіkroprotsesornoї that obchislyuvalnoї tehnіki and also various benefits informational interaction that exchange.
Information technologies can be used as an element and function of information support, direct regulation, saving, improvement and perfect management system of the new mesh service. As if for a long time, information and knowledge were transferred on the basis of the rules and order, traditions and zvichaїv, cultural differences and stereotypes, then today the main role is played by technologies.
Information technologies organize the flows of information on the global, regional and local levels. They play a key role in the formation of technostructure, in the promotional role of enlightenment and are actively promoted in all spheres of socio-political and cultural life, including home pobut, rozvagi and dozvіllya.
Power of information technologies:
Information technologies allow activating and effectively exploiting the information resources of the industry, as it is the most important strategic factor in yoga development.
Information technologies allow optimizing and automating information processes in rich ways, as the rest of the years, they create more and more life of the human society.
Informational processes are important elements of other more collaborative and social processes.
Information technologies have reached all spheres of our life. The computer is able to improve the efficiency of the learning process, taking part in all types of human activity, indispensable for the social sphere.
For the development of human society, material, instrumental, energy and other resources are needed, as well as information resources. They are characterized by an unbelievable increase in the number of information flows. It is worthwhile to be practical whether the sphere of activity of a person. The biggest increase in the dissemination of information is in the industrial, trade, financial, banking and illuminating spheres.
Information is one of the main, critical factors, which determines the development of technology and resources in general. In ZV'Inkuz, Ziminnya, Introducts є Rosuminnya not Tіlki Izmurovka İndusteri Іnformazії, computerizatsiї, iNformatzіji technologіi z processing іnformatizatsakії, and vsnunya R_VNYA TA Step by the Fusion Process IINFormatizatija on the scope of management of Tajeektualna Dyalnіst people.
The problems of information and management, as well as the information process, are given great respect, inspired by the upcoming objective processes:
Humanity is going through an informational turmoil. The growth of information that circulates and is saved in society, came to the contrary with the individual possibilities of people from її acquired;
Development of mass-communication processes;
Need for distribution slanderous theory information;
The development of cybernetics as a science about management;
Penetration of information technologies in the sphere of social welfare;
Studies in the field of natural sciences confirm the role of information in the processes of self-organization of living and inanimate nature;
Actualization of the problem of steel development; the formation of the information economy, the main driving force of which is the information potential, information resources;
The problem of the prospect of the development of humankind as integrity makes it difficult to formulate nutrition about the criteria for progress in modern minds.
Information has become the subject of purchase - sale, tobto. an information product, which is comparable to information, to become a suspensory nadbannya, establishing the information resource of the suspense.
Like a product, information cannot be considered similar to material products. Її buying and selling may have a mental meaning. Passing to the purchase, it is left with the seller. Vaughn does not know the process of recovery.
The formation and development of the information sector, the development of a rich variety of information as a commodity, having entered the formation of a special market - the information market.
Vikoristannya Suchasnyj іnformatsіynih tehnologіy zabezpechuє mayzhe mittєve broadband Internet whether yakih E-іnformatsіynih masivіv (such yak bazi danih, elektronnі dovіdniki is the Encyclopedia of, rіznі operativnі Institution, analіtichnі Look around zakonodavchі that normativnі acti toscho), scho nadhodyat of mіzhnarodnih, regіonalnih that natsіonalnih іnformatsіynih systems that vindication of them at the expense of a successful business.
Zavdyaks to the fast development of new information technologies open access to the light flow of political, financial, scientific and technical information, and the Internet has become a real opportunity to encourage global business.
In the world, the role of informatics, processing, transmission, and accumulation of information has grown immeasurably. The cost of informatics and computational technology at once is rich in what the scientific and technical potential of the country, the development of the people's statehood, the way of life and activity are called.
For a goal-directed selection of information, it is necessary to select, transform, transfer, accumulate and systematize. All these processes related to the simple operations on information are called information processes. Removal of that transformation of information necessary mental life of any organism. To learn the simplest one-celled organisms to constantly take that vicarious information, for example, about the temperature and the chemical warehouse of the medium for the selection of the most friendly minds to use. Live the essence of the building, as to take in information from dovkіllya with help of organs, and exchange it with yourself.
People also receive information from the help of organs sensitively, and the exchange of information for people is translated into movies. In an hour, the development of the human spirit of such language has grown even richer. Nasampered, tse rіdnі movi (Russian, Tatar, English, etc.) ”How to speak numerically people of the world. The role of the movie for the people is vignatkovo great. Without it, without the exchange of information, it would be impossible for people to blame that development of prosperity.
Informational processes are characteristic of living nature, people, suspense. Humanity created technical outbuildings- automation, the work of which is also connected with the processes of taking, transferring and collecting information. For example, an automatic attachment, called a thermostat, accepts information about the temperature of the place and in the fallow, according to the temperature regime set by the person, turn on or turn on the scorching accessories.
The activity of a person, connected with the processes of withdrawal, transformation, accumulation and transmission of information, is called information activity.
The development of science, illuminating the speed of the expansion of the obsession with information, knowledge of the people. As for the beginning of the past century, the sum total of human knowledge was fought over for about five decades, then the coming fates - five years of skin.
The way out of the situation was the creation of computers, which, in many cases, accelerated and automated the process of processing information.
Computers are selected at all stages: from the design of a few details to the prototype, from the design to the selection of the sale. The system of automated manufacturing (CAD) allows you to create armchairs, immediately omitting the incandescent look of the object, to work out the details with verstas. The Gnuchka Virobnicha System (DPS) allows you to promptly react to changes in the market situation, quickly expand the range of virobichi and replace yoga with others. The ease of transferring the conveyor to the release of new products gives the ability to vibrate impersonally different models Virobi. Computery Deloolen Schvidko TROUBLY Інформацію від різний одисків, in the same Number of automated automated Okoroni, Vitrate sensor_tenennya, Vitrange ATM, Yaakі, Vitat ATMT, Yakі Related Witradat for a pennies Klієnty, Vita Foreign Systems of Tomograph, Shaho Dzvollaє "Reputive" people make the right diagnosis.
The computer is on the working table of fakhivtsya, be it a profession. Vіn Dozvollaє Zvzlikovatsya SpetsInly Computernoye Duty Zho-Yaku Touchpoint of the Allian Kuli, attending the Festiv of the Great Bіblisotek not seen from the house, Vikriestuvati Luzhnii іnformatsіinі Systems - Encyclopeda, Vivezchanti Nova Science і Nabuvati Rіzniki Navichy for the additional simplifying program. It helps the fashion designer to expand the lyrics, the viewers to compose the text and illustrations, the artist to create new pictures, and the composer to create music. Expensive experiment can be repeated over and over and imitations on the computer.
The development of methods and methods for submitting information, technology for performing tasks with different computers has become an important aspect of the activity of people with rich professions.
You can see something internally related to the fundamental picture of the informational system that is being formed:
Changing the role of information and knowledge in the life of the industry, which was shown, in front of the unprecedented increase in the informational population of the government, management and other areas of activity, in the transformation of information and the most important resource-saving knowledge
The transformation of the information industry into the most dynamic, viable and prestigious sphere of manufacturing, which secures the leading role of the neighboring countries and the city in the system of the light economy.
The vindication of the expanded market infrastructure for the promotion of information and information services, and the wide use of ICT in various spheres of life, and not only for the professional, but for the professional.
Significant changes in the models of social organization and spivrobnitstva, if in all spheres of prosperity there is a replacement of centralized hierarchical structures with flexible ones mesh types organizations attached to swedish changes and innovative development.
Vikoristannya satellites, "live" radio and television transmissions of information nada masovaniya vplivu to form the mass thought of the world. The appearance of that full multimedia, videoconferencing and piece intelligence greatly expands the possibility of transmitting information, and also, the expansion of knowledge and exchange of them.
For a little more than a small number of gifted people, people from time immemorial marvel at the arithmetic calculation, like an important tedious work, which is necessary to ask for a price, and be-like available means. For a long time the history of office work (essentially a primitive digital calculation of the operations by hand), yak, maybe, they were found independently in different parts of the world and de-not-de zastosovuyutsya dosi. After that, as a reminder of the XVI century. logarithms were found, the slide rule became an indispensable mechanical tool. The first logarithmic line appeared at the 20s of the 17th century. Vaughn gave the opportunity to change the number of folds, wanting the analog character of the attachment (numbers are displayed as standard) to significantly reduce the accuracy with rich rozrahunka. Protelogarithmic line, like before, mathematicians, engineers and engineers in the world are widely covered. There are also a number of specialized cabinetry outbuildings: tables of ready-made paperwork at accounting, automatic vag in grocers and gastronomic stores, or lichniks at gas stations. In all of these outbuildings, there are behind-the-scenes preparations of tables or scales, which allow you to carry out multiplication operations for different penny roses.
Such technical additions are widened at the present time even more widely and serve as the simplest way to relieve the great obligation of simple, alright arithmetic calculations. Three more high equal foldability is known to office arithmometry and cash equipment, as it is easy to calculate a large number of subsequent operations, folding and other operations, as well as various industrial and foreign sums. On the basis of these visually simple devices, the development of various, highly sophisticated machines.
A person who corries with such an attachment, maybe not the mother of a new revelation about those, like wines of power, but sound to you, it’s not very important to understand, that it’s just handy mechanically for a more effective vikonnanny of your robots, like you’ve got to help yourself and paperi, yakbi in the new boulder was enough for the hour and vіn the moment pracsyuvati not tomno and not in any way have mercy.
Analogues of stosovniya mirkuvannya are also up to more folding laying rahunkov machines. These mechanical digital attachments are designed for the observation of the main arithmetic operations (adding, adding, multiplying and subdividing) and may have a number of additional attachments for accumulating the results of that observation of the short-term operations. More cheap rahunkovі cars sound to be controlled manually and їх zastosovuyut, if the charge is not large, and also for training. For the more trivial ones, calculate, if you need more swidkіst and gnuchkіst, you need more and more expensive cars. Sound the stench driven into action by an electric motor, if you want the principle of action, like before, it’s mechanical. The flooring machines of such a wild type vikoristovuyutsya even richer rokіv, and until the end of the hour with their help, practically all the folds of scientific rozrahunka were victorious. The greatness of the advantages of the laying cars in the por_vnyannі s by the methods of calculating manually by the galnovіdomі. Numbers are entered into the machine quickly and precisely by turning the handles or buttons; all arithmetic functions are counted in the middle of the machine itself; in the case of a relay planning sequence, the calculation can be left out of the record of a large number of intermediate results. Understandably, when calculating, pardons can be blamed, even if not so often, as if by hand, then call up to the sequence of the calculation, a number of operations are included from rechecking the result.
Appearance of flooring machines, of course, expanded the area of possible calculations, the time has come, if the natural boundary between these machines has been reached. It is easy to confuse in the fact that when the great number of works is calculated, for example, when there is a great number of creations, the intermediate factor is not the speed of the robot itself, how many hours are needed for entering numbers into it, reading and rewriting the next results diah. Therefore, as a result, the hour, necessary for the completion of a folding task, changes insignificantly, so that the machine is violating the basic arithmetic tasks in a practical way.
The more folding of the robot, the greater the volume of the operator’s volume and the more time the vindication of pardons. In addition, since the calculation of the sinful type of guilt is repeated bagatorically, then the sequence of actions is correct, with one calculation it does not give a guarantee that the next time there will not be a pardon. Another problem lies in the fact that for a short time and increase in accuracy, with trivial calculations, you can entrust the main robot to an informed operator, although it means that the task is to blame for the rich work on the preparation of the robot and the necessary explanation to the operator. If this mathematical method will be rewritten for other data, then it may be that all the explanations will be given again to another operator.
If you want to lay flat medical machines, it’s a great opportunity to calculate them ahead of other methods, their shortcomings are obvious, and that’s why there were serious submissions of machines of a different type. Vidpovidna electronic circuit, in which lamps or transistors are switched electric lancers, Insanely, allowing richly shvidshe vykonuvat osnovnі arithmetichnі ії, nizh purely mekhanіchnі pristroї. However, the success of these benefits cannot be accelerated, as if the involvement of people will not be reduced to a minimum. This means that it is necessary not only to make a proper record, to read and transmit numbers by a person, but it is necessary to re-arrange the entire work plan, so that the operator is not guilty of taking the necessary decisions in the calculation process. The most common problems, and not only the greater speed of internal operations, have a rightful revolution, caused by today's automatic electronic counting machines.
Obchislyuvalnі machines began to rozroblyat prikintsі Other light war. The first machines, which lacked the main design features of modern counting outbuildings, were the EDSAC counting machine, which was launched in 1949. at Cambridge University, that SEAC counting machine, prepared by the US National Bureau of Standards in 1950. In these first machines, the electronic lamps of Nini were replaced by transistors, which made it possible to change the dimensions of the counting machines and may significantly increase the superiority. Until now, great successes have been achieved at the gallery of microminiaturization equipment. Everything is allowed to create on-the-spot electronic computing machines and reduce the trivality of the main operations to nanoseconds, which means thousands of millions of operations per second. In this hour, a number of miraculous aids have been released, from some readers you can know a detailed description basic machines and specific recommendations about how to work with them.
We will discuss here only the main principles of this world, as the stench is connected with the theme of this book.
Let's take a look at the most important power of the modern electronic counting machine. First of all, it’s important to note that you won’t, like earlier, learn those basic arithmetic divi, that the machine is flat, and that, in fact, work for those yourself, who, in principle, can make a person, just work with a paper and an olive. Vіdminnіst polagє, from one side, from the majestic zbіlshennі tehіchnіchnї efektіvnosti, from the other - from zdіysnіnnі logical control over the sequence of operations. To that reason, those who dare to rob the number of machines, are not foldable, understand the best way of solving arithmetic tasks. Chi vvazhat, scho elektronna odchislyuvalna machine reveals signs of intelligence chi won zdatna vikonuvat robot, close to the functions of the brain, significant world to lie in a way, as we are destined to understand. The most important thing is that the machine is counted, as if it wasn’t foldable and thorough, in fact, it’s only one of the foldable outbuildings, used for singing purposes, and as such, it should be looked at in a rich way in such a plan, what would it be - I’m going to put together scientific equipment, for example, an electron microscope or a linear quickening of particles.
A pair of numbers must be entered for the usual arithmetic machine, for example, adding, and the number of numbers can be saved in the next subsequent operation. The machine can save one or two more numbers, for example, a number, taken away as a result of folding or multiplying dekilkoh numbers, or a sum of creations has been accumulated. However, I’ll add a lot of memory to my memory, I rarely change five or six numbers, and in this way I’ll put a number of rows of numbers in the edge. In the electronic counting machine, there is a viable electromagnetic attachment, in which a small number of thousands of numbers can be saved (with a lot of more rozryadіv) at the sight that allows you to work swidka vibrka; on a magnetic disk, or a magnetic line, you can save a few millions of numbers in the form, which allows you to carry out a visually correct selection (more according to electronic standards). This gives you the opportunity to turn on the inclusion of people when processing intermediate results, as well as to automate the processing of a large amount of numerical data. Shards of data are recorded on punched cards, paper lines, magnetic disks or magnetic lines, the stench can be beaten up bagatorarazo without zastosuvanya rozumovyh chizorovye zusil from the side of a person; the stench is just to go to the front door of the counting machine.
Ale more than the head of the one who was able to develop the methods and planning of all the sequence of calculation. For this purpose, a program of commands is introduced into the counting machine, as it is taken there at once from the given data. The commands are written down in the same numerical code and connected to us in front of the main arithmetic ones over the pairs of numbers, which are taken from the sing parts of the appendix. As soon as the program and the necessary data are entered into the machine, then all other operations are fixed by the machine itself, as it should lie in the electromagnetic circuit. Residual results are either recorded on punched cards or paper lines, or they are submitted directly to a teletype or other attachment, which is done. The program for any given sequence of calculation is guilty, but it is relatively thought out. Then, if the program is folded and well re-verified, you can beat it in a rich way without further re-verification. It dawned on me that I give a significant saving to the hour and work. The program can be carefully revised thousands of times by a lot of people, as they work on different counting machines. It is no less important that those who can write a program can repeat the command to repeat the execution of a particular task (for example, breaking the song system of equals) for hundreds of thousands of times, moreover, for the most part of the various tributes. However, part of the program may be assigned to the solution of one of the systems of such equalities. If this part of the program is folded correctly, then in the boundaries of this program before it, it is possible to work as often as it is necessary with the newest impression, so that the skin solution will be carried out correctly. This is one of the most important short-lived laying machines, about which it has already been said more, but the very ones that the work of the laying machine is correct in one run does not guarantee a pardon in case of repeated charges.
Pratsiyuchi on the floor rahunkovіy machine, the operator at all stages of posterіgaє for charges. It seems like it’s unimaginable that it’s unforgiving, you can immediately get used to the necessary visits and in such a rite of death serious pardons. Against the stagnation of electronic counting machines, it is often counted on this basis, but here it is possible to calculate a large number of unremarked pardons at intermediate stages, and therefore the residual results should be considered even more doubtful.
Luckily, this problem can be turned off by a significant world with a path of good programming. As we were bacheling, the great laying of the car was also very likely to have pardons in case of repeated charges. With more than that, great pardons appear at once, and in order to avoid the accumulation of small pardons, it is necessary to carry out repeated revisions at all stages. Number of revisions to become an important part of all the sequence of calculation. And yet, such re-verifications make an invisible part of the program of the electronic calculation machine. Due to its great code, the electronic calculation machine allows you to do significantly more arithmetic reversals, lower laying the machine. Also, with a good folded program, an electronic calculation machine will ensure not less, and therefore more, reliability of results.
More has been said about pardons, which are blamed on insufficient control over operations, counted by the counting machine; but you can also have pardons, mindfulness electronic circuit. For the manifestation of such pardons, it is possible, for example, to transfer the automatic chime of the counting machine with the appearance of pardons, which are manifested by the so-called re-verification for parnist. For most machines, the numbers are saved from the double record as a sequence of zeros and one. You can assign an additional figure, equal to zero or one, fallow, in addition, paired or unpaired, the sum of one is one for the skin number, which is saved. At singing moments hour, for example, when reading the number from the attachment, the assigned figure can be read from the number itself. Such a re-verification scheme cannot, of course, be considered absolutely superfluous; but it’s still too bad for them, that they turn their respect to pardons, calling out malfunctions in the electronic circuit.
These are the basic ideas that are connected with the stagnation of electronic counting machines. The wide expansion of the numbering technique has radically impacted on our numbering capabilities, on the scale of data processing and, as a result, on the wildest straight line of scientific research and a variety of methods of their development. Before this aspect, let's turn to the rozd. 5.5 and 5.6, but for the time being, let’s look more respectfully at the main tasks, for the accomplishment of such dotsily counting machines, that method, which allows the last victorists to achieve the advantages of new technology.
The book of Hollingdale and Tootill, which recently came out, can serve as an excellent tool for learning about counting methods.
