Household vimiryuvalni attach table. Self-made vimiruvalni accessories

Antipyretic remedies for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are situations of indispensable help in case of likhomantsi, if the child needs to give faces negligently. Then the fathers take on themselves the resuscitation and zastosovuyut antipyretic preparations. What is allowed to give to children of the chest? How can you lower the temperature in older children? What are the most safe faces?

At the current boisterous rhythm of life by-butov technique allows you to quickly and effectively cope with home rights. Most of the time I won't win a robot for a human being. Pobutovі priladi may clasifikatsiyu for tsіl'ovim recognition.

Vimiryuvalni accessories

The main drіbna tekhnіka for vimіryuvannya rіznіh parametіv includes:

Kitchen vaga (with a bowl, flat, near a decanter for the purpose of precise vaga, with fasteners for hanging).
Pіdlogovі vagy vznachennya vaga people. For lifting children up to ten kilograms, special bags with a cuvette are vibrated.
Bezmeni. Call to replace your vag at home (fishing, dacha, market).
Year-ends (pіdlogі, nastіlnі, kamіnі). Mechanical and electronic vibrate.
Alarms. I can work with different materials (wood, plastic, wood, stone, metal).
Thermometry for monitoring body temperature, checking indoors and outdoors, water temperatures.

Counting technique

Without the technique of this kind, a modern person no longer shows his reason. Before it can be seen:

calculators (portable attachment for calculating operations);
smartphones (functional mobile phone look like a mini-computer);
tablet i personal computers,
laptops.

Kitchen appliances

The biggest segment. For recognition, divide into sprat subgroup.

For saving products

Short-hour savings of products from the storage of refrigerators. Freezers are suitable for more thriving conservation along the way of freezing.

For mechanical processing

Allows for the most important and unacceptable work. The mixer gives the ability to mix and match rare components. Vіn zastosovuєtsya for the preparation of drinks, creams, puree, dough. You can find more solid and solid products with the help of a blender. The transformation of meat into minced meat vikonu m'yasorubka. Get all the functions in one accessory allows you to use a food processor.

For thermal processing

Turn on the electric or gas stove. Induction stoves are scorched with great popularity, and special dishes are fired for an additional induction stream. For vipіchka, spirits are vibrated, which allow you to vicorate different modes zapikannya.

Not less functional are micro-furnace ovens, bread makers, multicookers, double boilers. Zavdyaki of this butting technique will come out savory and brown. Add the required ingredients, set the mode and press the button.

More details on butt fittings can be seen:

grill (grease the meat on the grill or on the grill);
aerogrill (getting hot air blown with a hot wind);
deep fryer (products are cooked in hot oil);
toaster;
waffle iron;
mill;
yogurt maker;
germinators for grains and others.

For preparing drinks

In a right way, I’ll savory kava to cook a kavovark from grains, detailed in kavomolts. Another more functional tool is a cooker. Possibility to boil water, to make tea, to give electric kettles. To prepare fortified cocktails and juices, you need a juicer.

Additional equipment

After cooking, you are left with nevimit utensils. It helps to cope with the dishwasher. To protect the smell, dima, vapors from getting into the kitchen, hoods are installed above the stove. Electric water heaters allow you to heat water.

Equipment for tidying up the booth

The main accessory for cleaning is a pilosos. Vіn mozhe buti miyuchim, one by one the image without a saw and a mitt pіdlogi. Steam cleaners and winding steam mops are let out from the surface of the slopes, faucets, cough without chemicals for the use of various types of pollution (fat, color, pouring).

Technique for watching clothes

Wash clothes in cleanliness and neatness, call on such “pomіchniks”:

Cleaning machine for the removal of clothing and other products from textiles.
Dryer. Tsej folds stіl z krishkou z zharomіtsnogo material building vysushiti і poprasuvati clothes.
Prasuvalny board. Rumpled clothes are placed on the surface. The kit includes a cord trim, a support for dressing, a block for stretching sleeves.
Praska. For the help of the temperature and the vogues, they put on the clothes for a mini.
Sewing machine. Allowing you to prepare or repair your clothes, move it or shorten it. Modern sewing machines can sew, sew on gudziks, overcast buttonholes and weave a wide range of custom stitches.
The machine for a hairstyle katishk_v, dryers for vzuttya.

Technique for creating a comfortable microclimate

Before this one can see:

air conditioners (heating, cooling and cleaning again);
cleaners (cleaning again);
Miyki and volozhuvachi repeat (cleanse and revitalize);
opalyuvalnі radiators (pіdvishchuyut temperature povіtrya);
fans (blowing with a stream repeatedly);
repeat ionizers (shine again fresh and clean).
weather stations (calculate and show the main parameters of the microclimate).

A lot of fittings of climate technology combine in your own design of functions. For example, a cleanser with a healthy gum, an air conditioner with an ionizer, and so on.

Drіbna pobutová tekhnіka for spying for zovnіshіstu

To put the hair in order, help hair dryers for drying and styling, tongs for curling curls, a straightener for straightening with a pass. In the fight against uncommon "growth" call for help sewing electric shavers. The first ones remove the hairs from the root, the others grow, leaving the whole cibulin. At the bathroom, you can use irrigators (electric toothbrushes) and massagers.

Technіka for v_dpochinku and rozvagi

Let's rehabilitate the zavdyakov more home caregivers are left with the free hour. Yoga can be spent listening to music or watching a favorite show or a movie. For these purposes, there is an advancing technique:

music center (appointments for the creation of a different kind of nose);
player (to create audio and video files);
DVD-programmer (reading and editing DVDs);
TV set;
game console;
radio receiver.

Home cinemas and acoustic equipment can be seen before more folding systems. Visualize the reception moments of building cameras and video cameras. Satisfied with the help of the help of telephone equipment.

Maria Mlyavikh
women's legs.ru

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Velichezna dobіrka circuits posіbnikіv, іnstruktsіy that іnshoї dokumentatsії on rіznі VD vimіryuvalnoї tehnіki zavodskogo vigotovlennya Multimeter, oscilloscope, analіzatori spectrum attenuator generators, vimіryuvachі R-L-C, AFC, nelіnіynih spotvoren, oporіv, chastotomіri, kalіbratori i bagato іnshogo vimіryuvalne obladnannya.

In the process of operation in the middle of the oxide capacitors, electrochemical processes are constantly being carried out, which run the field of production with linings. І through tse yavlyaєtsya transitional opіr, scho reaches іnоdі tens of Om. Currents To charge and discharge call for heating of the second month, which will speed up the process of ruinuvannya even more. Another common reason for the breakdown of electrical capacitors is "hanging", electricity. To avoid rejecting such capacitors, it is recommended for radioamators to choose an awkward circuit

Identification and recalibration of zener diodes is more complicated than reverification of diodes, because for which one you need a voltage cord, which will change the voltage of stabilization.

For the help of a self-contained attachment, you can simultaneously watch on the screen of a single-probe oscilloscope at the same time for eight low-frequency or pulsed processes. The maximum frequency of input signals is not liable to exceed 1 MHz. For the amplitude, the faulty signals are not strongly disturbed, at least not guilty, but more than 3-5 times the depth.

We are insured for re-verification of all digital integrated microcircuits. It is possible to change microcircuits of series K155, K158, K131, K133, K531, K533, K555, KR1531, KR1533, K176, K511, K561, K1109 and many others

Crimium vimiryuvannya єmnostі, tsyu prefix can be vikoristovuvat for vikoryuvannya Ustab at stabilіtronіv і reverification napіvprovіdnikovіh priladіv, tranistіvіv, dioіv. In addition, it is possible to convert high-voltage capacitors to a stream of turns, which greatly helped me when upgrading a power inverter to one medical device

Tsya prefix up to frequency vikoristovuetsya for evaluation and measurement of inductance in the range of 0.2 μH to 4 H. And if you turn off capacitor C1 from the circuit, then when you connect a coil with a capacitor to the input of the attachment, the resonant frequency will be at the output. In addition, due to the small value of the voltage on the circuit, it is possible to evaluate the inductance of the coil without being in the middle in the circuit, without dismantling, I think the repairmen should evaluate its ability.

In the Internet, there are a lot of different schemes of digital thermometers, but we have chosen those that are surprising with their simplicity, a small number of radio elements and superiority, but it’s not easy to program it because it’s chosen on a microcontroller.

One of the schemes of a self-contained temperature indicator with a light indicator on the LM35 sensor can be used for visual indication of positive temperatures in the middle of the refrigerator and car engine, as well as driving in an aquarium or swimming pools, etc. Vikonan indication on ten high-profile LEDs connected to a special microcircuit LM3914, as it is indicated for the inclusion of indicators with a linear scale, and all internal support and underlayment may have the same denominations

Just in front of you, there is a power supply, how to reduce the frequency of wrapping the engine in the direction of the cleaning machine. We seem to be simple in my opinion. Obviously, you can choose a simple strobe, but use a more intelligent idea, for example, the Hall sensor

Two even simpler schemes for microcontroller PIC and AVR. The basis of the first circuit is the microcontroller AVR Attiny2313, and the other PIC16F628A

Also, I want to take a look at this year's chergovy project on microcontrollers, and even more so in the everyday work of a radioamator. Tse digital voltmeter on microcontroller. The yogo bula scheme was drawn up from the radio magazine for 2010, and it can be easily redesigned for the ammeter.

This design describes a simple voltmeter, with indicators on twelve light diodes. This variable voltage allows you to vary the voltage in the range of values from 0 to 12 volts with a maximum of 1 volt, moreover, the voltage drop is even low.

The circuit of the vimiruvach of the inductance of the coils and the capacity of the capacitors, the vikonan on five transistors i, is examined, regardless of its simplicity and accessibility, allowing for a large range to choose the capacity and inductance of the coils with acceptable accuracy. Є chotiri pіddіapazoni for kondensіnіv і tіlih p'yat pіdіdіаzonіv kotushok.

I think it’s more understood that the sound of the system is rich in why it is distinguished by a different equal signal on її okremyh plots. By controlling the space, we can evaluate the dynamics of the work of various functional units of the system: take indirect data about the coefficient of strength, contributions made, etc. In addition, the resulting signal is simply not always possible to listen to, that is, it is possible to get a different kind of equal indicators.

In electronic constructions and systems, faults are reported, which can be blamed rarely and evenly calculated. Promoted self-reliant vimiruvalny pristroy vikoristovuetsya for the sake of possible contact problems, and also gives the possibility to change the camp of cables and the surroundings are alive in them.

The basis of this circuit is the AVR ATmega32 microcontroller. LCD display with a separate building 128 x 64 dots. The oscilloscope circuit on a microcontroller is extremely simple. Ale є one suttviy minus - ce dosit low frequency modified signal, only 5 kHz.

This prefix is great to make life easier for the radioamator, in times like this, it will appear necessary for him to wind a self-contained coil of inductance, otherwise for the appointment unknown parameters cats in be-like equipment.

We encourage you to repeat the electronic part of the circuit diagram on a microcontroller with a strain gauge, firmware and a chair of a different board to the radio amateur distribution is attached.

Self-sustaining vimiruvalny tester may come functionality: Frequency control in the range of 0.1 to 15000000 Hz with the ability to change the time of the control and display the value of the frequency and frequency on the digital screen. Availability of the generator option with the possibility of frequency regulation in the entire range from 1-100 Hz and displaying the results on the display. Availability of the oscilloscope option with the possibility of visualization of the form of a signal and the simulation of its amplitude value. The function of vimiryuvannya єmnostі, support, as well as voltage in the oscilloscope mode.

Let's forgive the method of vimiryuvannya struma in electric stakeє sposіb vіmіryuvannya vаdіnnya prаіngnya narugi і sresistіvі, spoluchennym sіdovіvі s navantazhennyami. But when the struma passes through this opir, it generates an uncommon tension at the sight of heat, so it is necessary to choose the minimum possible value, which clearly enhances the cor- rision signal. The next thing to add, looking at the diagrams below, allows you to vimіryuvate not only the constant, but also the impulsive strum, however, with some kind of creations, which is supposed to be a lot of transmission of subsilient components.

Attachment vikoristovuєtsya to control the temperature and moisture content of the air. The moisture and temperature sensor DHT-11 is in the capacity of the primary converter. A self-contained vimіryuvalny prilad can be vikoristovuvat in warehouse and living quarters for monitoring temperature and moisture, for the sake of understanding, high accuracy of the results of vimiryuvan is not required.

Basically, temperature sensors are used to control the temperature. The stench of varying parameters, variety and form of vikonnannya. But they have one great minus, which combines the practice of their victories in certain missions with the great temperature of the middle of the object, the temperature of which is higher than +125 degrees Celsius. In these vipads, it is more convenient to vicorate the thermocouple.

The scheme of the interturn Testore and yogo robot is simple and accessible for folding electronics. Zavdyaki tsyomu prilad can be practically tested whether transformers, generators, inductors and inductance coils with a nominal value of 200 μH to 2 H. The building indicator is not only the strength of the remaining winding, but it clearly shows the inter-turn flicker, and in addition, it can reverse the p-n junction at silicon-conductor diodes.

For vimiryuvannya such an electrical value, as an opir vikoristovuetsya vimiryuvalny prilad ranks Ohmmeter. Attach, scho win only one opir, in radio amateur practice they rarely win. The main mass is based on typical multimeters in the support mode. Within the framework of this topic, we can look at simple diagram An ohmmeter from the Radio log is even more simple on the Arduino board.

Naming the attachment	Principle dії	accuracy	wimir
voltmeter
Dzherelo postiyny strumu B5-21
Dzherelo strumu HY3010E
ammeter
microammeter				0.05μA / ref. 0.125μA / ref. 0.25μA / ref.
voltmeter V7-22A
voltmeter
milivoltmeter V3-38B
Low frequency signal generator GZ-109
Electronic oscilloscope S1-68

laboratory setup

Methodical instructions to the end of laboratory work

on the course "Physics",

section "Mechanics, molecular physics and thermodynamics"

UDC 53 + 531.1 (07) +532 (07) +536 (07)

Laboratory robot number 1

Vimiryuvannya liniynyh rozmіrіv і obgіv tіl tіl

Meta roboti: 1.Learn to conduct a direct examination of the auxiliary caliper and micrometer.

2. Learn to vibrate indirectly vimiryuvannya physical quantities.

3.Learn to recover the mistakes of direct and indirect reparations.

Fittings and accessories: Vernier caliper, micrometer, cylinder.

Short theory

Entry

The science of physics has contributed to the development of the physical mind, the mastery of the current picture of the world, the formation of a scientific gazer. Knowledge of the laws of physics is the foundation for the development of special disciplines.

The process of knowledge in physics, like in other sciences, starts either from the guarding of physical phenomena in natural minds, or from the development of them in piece minds in a way of conducting specially staged studies - experiments. Experiment, apparently to the position of dialectical materialism, is the most important part of any process of scientific knowledge. The role of experiment is especially important in physics, which is in its essence a scientific science.

To bring experimental data to the next step in the recognition of pre-existing phenomena - to the development of a forward scientific admission about the mechanism of phenomena and their mutual connection, that is, to a hypothesis. If the hypothesis is confirmed by new observations and experiments, if it doesn’t just explain the phenomena correctly, but allows on the same basis to correctly transfer the phenomena and new powers, then it becomes a physical theory. The theory of connection between physical quantities is being established and become physical laws.

Physical experiment, being a criterion of the truth of physical theories, at the same time is the basis of their further development and thoroughness. Before the experiment, before the experiment, there are even higher vimogi. Zokrema vin is guilty of ensuring the otrimanny, insanely, reliable, reliable results. It is smart to conduct the simplest physical experiments, but it is not less important than the knowledge of the basic theoretical positions of physics.

Method of physical workshop є:

Pridbannya elementary novichok in conducted physical experiments.

There is a final revision of the main physical laws, which will bring more deep understanding of physics.

Uminnya correctly formulate visnovki on the basis of otrimanih experimental data.

Identification and recalibration of zener diodes is more complicated than reverification of diodes, because for which one you need a voltage cord, which will change the voltage of stabilization.

Two even simpler schemes for microcontroller PIC and AVR. The basis of the first circuit is the microcontroller AVR Attiny2313, and the other PIC16F628A

The basis of this circuit is the AVR ATmega32 microcontroller. LCD display with a separate building 128 x 64 dots. The oscilloscope circuit on a microcontroller is extremely simple. Ale є one suttєviy minus - ce dosit low frequency vimiryuvannogo signal, only 5 kHz.

This prefix is great to make life easier for the radioamator, in times like this, it will be necessary for him to wind a self-contained coil of inductance, or for the designation of some unknown parameters of the coil in any kind of equipment.

A self-contained vibration tester can be attacked. Functional capabilities: frequency vibration in the range of 0.1 to 15,000,000 Hz with the ability to change the time of vibration and display the frequency value and vibration on a digital screen. Availability of the generator option with the possibility of frequency regulation in the entire range from 1-100 Hz and displaying the results on the display. Availability of the oscilloscope option with the possibility of visualization of the form of a signal and the simulation of its amplitude value. The function of vimiryuvannya єmnostі, support, as well as voltage in the oscilloscope mode.

Let's use the simple method of vimiryuvannya struma in an electric lance - the method of vimiryuvannya the voltage drop on the resistor, obtained sequentially from the voltages. But when the struma passes through this opir, it generates an uncommon tension at the sight of heat, so it is necessary to choose the minimum possible value, which clearly enhances the cor- rision signal. The next thing to add, looking at the diagrams below, allows you to vimіryuvate not only the constant, but also the impulsive strum, however, with some kind of creations, which is supposed to be a lot of transmission of subsilient components.

For vimiryuvannya such an electrical value, as an opir vikoristovuetsya vimiryuvalny prilad ranks Ohmmeter. Attach, scho win only one opir, in radio amateur practice they rarely win. The main mass is based on typical multimeters in the support mode. Within the framework of this topic, we will look at a simple ohmmeter circuit from the Radio magazine and even more simple on the Arduino board.

BMK-Miha, The most important small accessory of the lowest allowed - 0.1 Ohm, it is impossible to move it with a purely software way. Yakby is not that short, the attachment is ideal!
Original circuit ranges: ESR = 0-100Ω, C = 0pF-5000μF.
I would like to give special respect to those who have access to the dossi in the process of upgrading both software and hardware, but continue to actively exploit.
My follow-up care:
hardware
0. Having cleaned R4, R5. Opir resistors R2, R3 changed to 1.13K, and subdivided the pair with accuracy up to one ohm (0.1%). In this way, the test strum was increased from 1 mA to 2 mA, with which the non-linearity of the strum dzherel changed (for the distance between R4, R5), moving the voltage drop on the capacitor, which caused an increase in the accuracy of the ESR.
Well, and zvichayno pіdkoriguvav Kusіl. U5b.
1. Vv_v_v_v_v_vіv_k_chuvannya at the entrance and exit of the turner + 5V / -5V
2. by installing ICSP sockets
3. by inserting the button for switching the modes R / C (in the "original" the modes were switched by an analog signal to go to RA2, the behavior of which in the article is described very vaguely ...)
4. Insert the primus calibration button
5. The buzzer confirms the pressing of the buttons and gives a signal that the skin 2 is on.
6. Powered the inverters to parallel pairs (with a test stream of 1-2mA, it’s not obov'azkovo, just move the stream to 10mA, which has not gone far)
7. Sequentially with P2, putting the fifty-first resistor (in case of a short circuit).
8.Viv. shunt the contrast ratio with a 100nf capacitor (solder on the indicator). Without it, when turning the P7 engine, the indicator started to slow down to 300mA! Trochy LM2930 without burning at once with the indicator!
9. Putting a blocking capacitor on the skin MC.
10. having made a payment.
software
1. having cleaned the DC mode (I’ll turn it back for everything)
2. Introduce tabular correction of non-linearity (at R> 10Ω).
3. having closed the ESR range up to 50 ohms
4. having added the calibration subprogram
5. having written the support of the buttons and the buzzer
6. Indicate the battery charge - numbers from 0 to 5 in the rest of the display.

At the block of vimiryuvannya єmnostі not vtruchavsya neither software nor hardware, for a little addition of the resistor in series with P2.
The principle scheme is being developed by all the doopratsyuvannya, not yet hardened.
prilad buv duzhe sensitive to the point! as you breathe on a new one, so start to "weave" It's all the fault of the great opera R19, R18, R25, R22. Before the speech, can someone please explain, nah * ena cascade on U5a is such a great input opir ???
Shorter seeming, the analog part is filled with varnish - after which the sensibility has completely disappeared.

Magazine ELEKTOR as far as I know, German, authors of articles are German and others do yoga in Germany, at least the German version.
m.ix, let's fire up the flame

Here one can see the nourishment of independent preparation and exploitation of vimiryuvalnyh devices, like vikoristovuyutsya in radio amateur practice.

Self-propelled amateur radio accessories.

Self-sufficient and craftsmanship accessories on the basis of a computer.

Vymіryuvalnі prilady promislovy virobnitstva.

Updated file archives for the topic , By the way, I'll be prepared to look around with comments.

The functional generator hits the frequency and tones.

This article is about vikonan robot, vikonan on the cob of zero fates, in those hours, independent preparation of vimiruvalnyh fittings and equipment of their laboratories for radioamatoriv was respected by the great right. I spodіvayus, so zahoplenі and zatsіkavlenі umіltsі zustrіchayutsya і now.

The prototypes for the reviewed FGKCH were Mikoli Sukhov's “Generator of Tonal Possessions” (Radio No. 10 1981 pages 37 - 40)

і "Attachment to the oscilloscope for keeping the frequency response" by O. Suchkov (Radio No. +1985 page 24)

Scheme of the prefix O. Suchkov:

Splitting on the basis of the designations of the core and other literature (div. Notes on the margins of the diagram) FGKCH sinusoidal, tri-current and rectangular (meander) forms, amplitude 0 - 5V with step attenuation -20, -40, -60 dB in the frequency range 70 - 80KHz. The regulators of the FGKCH can be used to set either a delay or a frequency jump value, when forming a pack, in the middle of the operating frequency range.

Controlling and synchronizing the switching frequencies, pass through the growing saw-like tension of the oscilloscope.

FGKCH allows you to quickly evaluate the frequency response, linearity, dynamic range, Response to impulse signals and swidcode of analog radio-electronic devices in the audio range.

The FGKCh scheme is presented on baby.

A scheme with a high distribution of buildings is known, or it is vanquished when it is pressed against the little ones.

In the mode, frequencies are hit, the input of the op-amp A4 is supplied with a similar voltage from the oscilloscope's blowout block (as in the GKCH scheme by O. Suchkov). If you apply not a file, but a meander to the input frequency control of A4, the frequency will change from low to the temple. Forming a meander from a file, carried out by a large Schmitt trigger, on transistors T1 and T2, different conductivity. From the exit of the TS, the meander should be on electronic key A1 K1014KT1, assignments for uzgodzhennya equal voltage keruyuchy perebudovoy FGKCH frequency. A voltage of + 15V is applied to the input of the key, when the key is output, a direct signal is applied to the input of the op-amp A4. Frequency fluctuation is heard in the middle part of the horizontal fire, synchronously. After the OU A4, there are two PUs on transistors T7 - PNP and T8 - NPN (for thermal compensation and vir_vnyuvannya zsuva rіvnya) In the T7 emіter varto zmіnny resistor RR1, scho sets the lower intercooling or forming a pack of pulses in the range of 70Hz - 16kHz. Resistor R8 (according to Suchkov) is replaced by two RR2 - 200 kΩ and RR3 - 68 kΩ. RR2 sets the upper range of the band 6.5 - 16.5 kHz, and RR3 - 16.5 - 80 kHz. Integrator on the A7 OS, Schmitt's trip on the A7 OS and phase switch of the transfer coefficient of the switch A5 - T11, as described in O. Suchkov.

After the buffer buffer on the A7 op-amp, the varto jumper forms the signal with the help of resistors PR6 - equal to the three-way signal and PR7 - equal to the meander. the rate of outgoing signals is normalized. Attachment for forming a sinusoidal signal is added to the op-amp A8 - NOT inverting the input power in the range of 1 - 3 times (adaptation with a PR3 resistor) and the classic conversion of the sawtooth voltage into a sinusoidal one on the field effect transistor T12 - KP30. From the turn of T12, a sinusoidal signal is fed to the selector to form an impulse S2 without a middle, so that the value of the sinusoidal signal is normalized to the op-amp A8 and the value of PR3. From the output of the level regulator RR4, the signal is sent to the buffer buffer on the powered A9. Buffer boost coefficient close to 6, set by resistor in lance zvorotny zv'azku OU. On transistors T9b T10 and switches S3, S5, the selection of the synchronization vuzol, the replaying of the recording path - the creation of a tape recorder, is absolutely not relevant at this time. All OU - from PT at the entrance (K140 UD8 and K544UD2). Bipolar voltage stabilizer +/- 15V, for op amp A2 and A3 - K140UD6 and transistors T3 - KT973, T4 - KT972. Dzherela strum zener diodes of the reference voltage on the PT T5, T6 - KP302V.

The work with this functional GKCh is carried out by such a rank.

The jumper S1 "Mode" is set to the "Fniz" position and by changing the resistor RR1 "Fniz" the lower frequency is set to the range of the current data, or the frequency of the burst of impulses is lower, in the range of 70Hz - 16kHz. After that, the jumper S1 "Mode" is set to the "Fup" position and by changing the resistors RR2 "6-16KHz" and RR3 "16 - 80KHz" is set upper frequency to the range of good data, or the frequency of bursts of impulses is greater, in the range of 16 - 80 kHz. Then the jumper S1 is switched to the position “Clearness” or “Bursts” for the formation of a vicious voltage, the frequency is hit, or two bursts of pulses at a lower and higher frequency, change synchronously with the firing, when the change is passed through the middle of the screen (for a burst of pulses). The shape of the output signal is selected by the switch S2. The level of the signal is regulated by a smoothly changing resistor RR4 and step by step - by a jumper S4.

Oscillograms of testing signals in the "Frequency hitting" and "Batch" modes are presented on the upcoming babies.

generator photo in the collection, presented on the little one.

In addition, the case has a wide-range sinusoidal voltage generator and a meander (Important: R6 in the circuit of the generator is 560KΩ, and not 560Ω, like a small one, and as a substitute for R9, put a pair of 510KΩ DC resistor and 100KΩ switch, you can install, adjust resourceful Kg.)

і frequency, the prototype of some descriptions in.

It is important to note that, in addition to reversing the analog paths of the sound-creating equipment, in the modes of hitting the frequency and forming a bunch of frequency amplifications, you can see the functional GKCH can be twisted and just like a functional generator. signals knitted form assist even more clearly in the presence of the exchange in subsilient cascades, set the exchange to a symmetrical signal (the fight against the twin harmonics - more note by ear), control the presence of the "gathering" type of the cascade and evaluate the line of the cascade in the world of the curvature

More cіkavіsha reverb UMZCH and other sound nodes, a signal of a rectangular shape, zі sparuvatіstyu 2 - meander. It is important that for the correct implementation of the meander of the singing frequency, it is necessary to work (without weakening) the swag of the tested beat, bula, less, ten times more, lower the frequency of the sounding meander. In its line, the width of a swarm of frequencies, for example, UMZCH shows such an important indicator, as a coefficient of intermodulation effects, flooring is significant for, lamp UMZCH, which it is reasonable not to vimiryuyut and not to publish, so as not to be loud.

On the stepping baby - a fragment of the article by Yu. Solntsev "Functional" generator "from Radio Yearly.

To the little one- typical creation of a meander, which is blamed in the sound path, and its clouding.

More to the point, using the help of a function generator, you can vibrate, giving a signal from the first output to the X input of the oscilloscope, without a middle, and to the Y input through the extensions. Whose mind will appear on the screen amplitude characteristic schemes are being revised. Apply such vimiryuvan aimed at the little one.

You can repeat my version of the functional GKCh, like wine, or take it for an alpha version of your own version of the development, vikonan on a modern elemental base, because of the zastosuvannyam circuitry, yaki You take more progressive work available in real life. If you like, zastosuvannya such a richly functional vimiruvalnoy add-on, allow you to simply set up the sound-creative paths and controllably improve their characteristics in the process of development. It's only fair in that case, because you know that making schemes "by ear" is a very tricky technique of amateur radio practice.

Automated switch-on mode of ochіkuvannya for the oscilloscope S1-73 and other oscillographs with the regulator "Stability".

Koristuvachs of radian and imported oscillographs, equipped with a regulator for the “Stability” blowing mode, stuck in the robot with the onset of unruliness. When canceled on the screen, stable synchronization folding signal, A stable image is taken until quiet fir, until a signal is given to the input, otherwise the image is no longer stable. When an input signal is received, the screen can be left in the mode of clearing for a long time, at which time it will be on the screen during the day. To switch the flare to the self-oscillating mode, sometimes just a little more than a troch turn the “Stability” knob, and the time is displayed on the screen, which is necessary when attaching the horizontal flare to the large-scale sitts on the screen. When the mode is updated, the image on the screen can “flicker” until quiet, until the “Stability” regulator resets the mode of scaling up.

In this way, in the process of reconciliation, it is necessary to constantly turn the knobs “Stability” and “Synchronization Riving”, which improves the process of reconciliation and wakes up the operator.

Proposed to upgrade the oscilloscope C1-73 and other similar devices (C1-49, C1-68 and іn) equipped with the “Stability” regulator, transferring the automatic change of the output voltage of the change resistor of the “Stability” regulator, which translates the oscilloscope expansion block of the oscilloscope when the input clock signal is present.

Scheme of automatic switching "Mode - Auto" for the S1-73 oscilloscope, pointed at little 1.

Malyunok 1. Scheme of automatic switching "Mode - Auto" for the S1-73 oscilloscope (click to enlarge).

On transistors T1 and T2, a single vibrator is selected, which is started, through the capacitor C1 and diode D1 with pulses of positive polarity from the output of the shaper, the pulse in starting the oscilloscope C1-73 (control point 2GN-3 block U2-4 on little 2)

babes 2

(Actually, the circuit of the C1-73 oscilloscope can be found here: (Fig5) and (Gif 6)

V cob mill, When the day is running, the pulses are fired, all the transistors of the “Mode - Auto” machine are closed (div. Fig. 1). Diode D7 is on the right according to the scheme (div. Fig. 2) of the change resistor R8 “Stability”, according to R11 D7, a constant voltage is applied to transfer the ignition generator into self-oscillating mode, if the engine of the change resistor R8 “Stability” is set ".

Upon the arrival of the black pulse, the start of the firing, the transistors T2, T1, T3, T4 are sequentially turned on, and the diode D7 is closed. From the first moment, the synchronization circuit of the oscilloscope S1-73, working in a typical mode, given by the voltage at the output of the change resistor R8 (div. Fig. 2). In an okremu case, there may be tasks in the oscilloscope sharpening mode, which ensures a stable position of the image of the received signal on the oscilloscope screen.

As it was already indicated, when the char sync pulse is needed, all the transistors of the automatic control device turn off, in order to cause the electric capacitor C4 to be discharged through the diode D4, the transistor T2 and the resistor R5. Capacitor C4 is in the discharged station for the entire hour, until impulses are started at the input of the single vibrator. After the completion of the impulse start, the transistor T2 closes, and the capacitor C4 starts charging with the base stream of the transistor T3 through the resistor R7 and the diode D5. Stream charging capacitor C4, pіdtrimuє vіdkritimi transistors T3 і T4, zberіgayuchi ochіkuvannya razgoritki, vprugou vіhodі zminny resistor R8 "Stability" stretching for a few hundreds of milliseconds, in ochіkuvannі advancing sіkhroimpulse. If this is not necessary, the transistor T3 closes completely, the light diode D6, showing the inclusion of the oscillating mode, goes out, the transistor T4 closes, the diode D7 turns on and the oscilloscope turns into self-oscillating mode. To ensure an accelerated transition to the recovery mode, when the first sync pulse in the series is needed, the “Logic ABO” element on diodes D3 and D5 is stopped. When using a single vibrator, which leads to the discharge of the transistor T2, the transistor T3 turns off without a hitch, according to the lance R7, D3, R5, until the discharge of the capacitor C4 is completed. It may be important, as it is necessary to watch for single pulses in the synchronization mode.

Selection of the automatic machine to the mode of clearing was performed by a general installation.

Malyunok 3. Volumetric installation of the machine to the oscilloscope acquisition mode.

Malyunok 4. Isolation of elements machine to the mode of oscilloscope sharpening with paper inserts and melting paraffin.

Before installation, the module is turned into a paper bag, glued with adhesive tape, at least from one side, so for changing the windings. The side of the paper, glued with adhesive tape, turned to the selected module. Volumetric installation of the machine, allowing the collection time to be short and to be carried out in the form of distribution and preparation of the other payment. In addition, the modules were designed to be compact, which is important when they are installed in the small case of the S1-73 oscilloscope. On vіdmіnu vіd vіd pouring pristroi, zbrannogo ob'єmnym montazheniyu, epoxy compound and tp tp hardіyuchimi resins, vikoristannya paraffin allows you to save the maintainability of the annex and the possibility of yogo doopratsyuvannya, if necessary. In amateur radio practice, with piecework, you can buti important factor I will add to the choice of a constructive vikonannya.

View of the machine for the mode of clearing, mounted on the U2-4 board, the S1-73 oscilloscope, readings on the little 5.

Malyunok 5. Allocation of the automaton module to the mode of clearing on the synchronization board of the S1-73 oscilloscope.

The LED, indicating that the acquisition mode is on, is placed 15 mm to the right of the RIVEN regulator, as shown in figure 6.

Malyunok 6. Placement of the indicator on the oscilloscope mode on the front panelC1-73.

Dosvіd ekspluatatsії oscilloscope S1-73, equipped with Automatic Transfer Switch mode ochіkuvannya rozgortki showing digit zbіlshennya operativnostі vimіryuvan, pov'yazane of vіdsutnіstyu neobhіdnostі obertati handle STABІLNІST at ustanovtsі lіnії rozgortki at Bazhanov rozpodіl calibration sіtki ekranu i pіslya tsogo for dosyagnennya stіykogo encampments The images on screen. Now, on the cob vimiryuvan, install the RIVEN and STABILITY regulators, in a position that ensures the signal on the screen is not disturbed, and when the signal is taken from the oscilloscope input, horizontal line the flashings are automatically activated, and when the signal is given, a stable picture is rotated.

You can add a similar machine to the oscilloscope acquisition mode, saving an hour for storage. Vikoristovyte button zvorotnoy zvezku. :-)

The block for the automatic switching of the M830 multimeter and some similar "Digital Chinese multimeters".

Digital multimeters, inspired by the ADC of the family ( analogue), the stars of their simplicity, achieving high accuracy and low varsity, are already widely used in amateur radio practice.

Deyak unruly vikoristannya priladu pov'yazano z:

Vіdsutnіstu auto-shutdown of the multimeter
portable high-capacity nine-volt battery
vіdsutnіstyu zakhistu vіd overvoltage

Different ways of solving vital problems were promoted by radioamators earlier. Actions from them (schemes for the ADC multimeter, auto-switching, and the first life from the low-voltage power cords, through which the switch is turned, directing the doroboks and the control devices to the multimeter of the M830 family.

I will propagate your respect for one more option of upgrading the “Chinese digital multimeter” to the ADC 7106, which will be important, for such devices and functions: Auto-switch-off by timer after a sprig of whilin after it is turned on.

Overvoltage protection with galvanic connection of the UIR input socket in the multimeter circuit.
Auto-shutdown when spratsovuvanni zahistu.
Napіvavtomatichna v_dstrochka autoshutdown at trivalih vimіryuvannyah.

To explain the principles of work and interoperability of nodes of the Chinese multimeter on the IC7106, there are two schemes.

fig.1- one of the options for the M830B multimeter circuit (click to enlarge).

The scheme of your multimeter may be different or not, it is important not to specify the points of supply of life to the IC ADC and the points of connection of the contacts of the relay, which include food and the input of the UIR accessory. For this, it’s important to respectfully take a look at the multimeter board, consulting the datasheet on IC7106 or KR572PV5. Points of connection and insertion into the circuit / other installation of the multimeter are shown in blue color.

fig.2 Vlasne blocking scheme and auto-shutdown of the multimeter (click to enlarge).

The circuit includes multimeter overvoltage sensors on transistor optocouplers U1 and U2 - AOT128, Comparator on an op-amp with a low damping jet - U3 KR140UD1208, key MOS transistor U4 of the switching off timer - KR1014KT1. Switching to the UIR input and the voltage of the multimeter, is connected by the contact groups of the double-winding polarized relay PR1 - RPS-46.

Robot block zahistu i vimknennya multimeter.

Turn on the multimeter and auto turn off by stabilizing the timer.

At the cob mill, all the elements of the multimeter and the block are stifled. The changeover contacts of the polarized relay PR1 are closed in positions 1-4 and 6-9 ( see fig. 2). Multimeter UIR input, switch-on, short circuit input to the hot wire - “COM” rose. "Plus" visnovki battery zhivlennya in vіd vіd spozhivachіv so like the button Kn1 "On" and contacts 5-9 of the relay PR1 open. Electrolytic capacitor C2, the capacity of which determines the hour of operation of the multimeter before auto-shutdown, discharges through closed contacts 6-9 of the relay PR1 and the multimeter circuit.

When pressing on the Kn1 "On" button, the current from the battery is alive, passing through the winding 2-8 of the PR1 relay, charging the capacitor C2. With this, contacts 6-9 and 1-4 open, and contacts 5-9 and 10-4 close. UIR input of the multimeter, connected to the circuit by closed contacts 10 - 4, relay PR1, and live from the battery, supplied through closed contacts 5 - 9, obviously. In the standard modes of the multimeter, the voltage output is 37 DAC IC7106, which is applied to the inverted input (wire 2), op-amp U3, it appears more than the voltage specified at the direct input (wire 3), at the output of the op-amp, visnovok 6, a low voltage is set, lack of, for vіdkrivannya transistor T1. An electrolytic capacitor, charging when the Kn1 "On" button is pressed, through the winding 2 - 8 of the PR1 relay until the voltage is eaten (9V), after the Kn1 button is released, it starts to discharge properly through the dilnik R11, R12. Until then, the voltage at the gate of the MOS transistor U4 does not drop to approximately 2V, the transistor U4 is left at the open circuit, driving diode D6 into the closed circuit.

The multimeter is in normal mode.

When the voltage drops on the dilnik R11, R12 lower than 2V, the transistor U4 closes, the positive voltage through the resistor R13 and diode D6 is on the 3 OU4 coil, which leads to the appearance of a positive potential at the output of the OU (visnovok 6) and the voltage of the transistor T1, the collector of the connections to visnovka 7 relay PR1. Through the winding 3 - 7 of the PR1 relay, it calls for the switching of the contact groups of the PR1 relay. In this case, the contacts 10 - 4 (the UIR input of the multimeter is switched on) and 5 - 9 (the battery of the meal is switched on in the circuit) are shown. Automatic switch-on of the multimeter with the opening of the input lance is required.

Start automatic prompt for the deactivation timer.

For an hour of operation of the multimeter, press the Kn1 "On" button again, the stream, passing through the winding 2 - 8 of the PR1 relay, recharges the capacitor C2, continuing the hourly interval of the switched-on multimeter. The contact group of the polarized relay PR1, in this case, does not change.

Primusov incorporation of a multimeter.

Primus's inclusion of a multimeter can be done in two ways.

How to start, having changed the switch between the choice between / modes of switching to the OFF position - “Disabled”. If so, the contact group of the polarized relay PR1, if so, does not change and the UIR input will remain connected to the resistive dilnik of the multimeter.
When pressing on the button KH2 "Off", a positive voltage, through the resistor R5, is applied to the input 3 of the op-amp U3, pushing its potential, at the same time with the reference voltage (-1V) at the input, the op-amp U3 is inverted - output 2. T1 - a struma appears in the "turn on" windings 3 - 7, polarized relay PR1. In this case, the contacts 10 - 4 (the UIR input of the multimeter is switched on) and 5 - 9 (the battery of the meal is switched on in the circuit) are shown. Automatic switch-on of the multimeter with the opening of the input lance is required.

Auto power-off of the multimeter in case of a faulty switch.

most virogidnoy cause output from the fret, a multimeter based on the ADC of the 7106 family, є supply to the input voltage (visnovok 31), voltage, which exceeds the voltage of the life is applied to the visnovka 1, visible to the wire (visnovok 32). In the wild type, when eating a multimeter with a battery voltage of 9V, it is not recommended to apply a DAC, visnovok 31, voltage, greater than 3V, in whatever polarity. In the previously described schemes for the M830 type digital multimeter, it was suggested to turn on a pair of zener-parallel connected stabilitrons between the DAC input and the lead wire. With this, the high-resistance resistor of the input RC low-pass filter DAC (R17C104 in the circuit on Mal. one), having surrounded the strum through a stabilizer on a safe level, the prote-resistive dilnik of the multimeter and the strum-conducting paths of the other board were left unprotected, playing the role of additional protectors and igniting when rewired.

At the proponated block, it is necessary to switch off the multimeter, to move, above the permissible, the voltage at the input of the low-pass filter R17C104 (Div. Fig. 1), to form a signal, to turn on the input socket, to shunt the signal input of the multimeter to the case. The signal about the presence of an overvoltage is formed by two parallel-connected lances D1, D2, U1.1 and D3, D4, U2.1, which are added up in sequence: a silicon diode, a green light diode and a light diode of the opto-transistor diode. Similar to the lancet, which, by itself, functions as a passive shield, are widely victorious at the input cascades of oscillographs (for example,). When reaching, at point A, the voltage, which exceeds 3V, in any polarity, diodes (D1, D2, U1.1 or D3, D4, U2.1), at the top of the line, the lanyard is repaired, shunting the input of the multimeter to the wire . With this light U1.1 or U2.1 one of the optocouplers, starts to glow, vibrating the output of the optotransistor U1.2 or U2.2. Strum, from the positive bus bar, through which the Optotransistor is driven, is fed to the non-inverting input of the OP U3, viz. Strum through the transistor T1 and connect to the new winding 3 - 7, polarized relay PR1, make contacts 10 - 4 (the UIR input of the multimeter is turned on) and 5 - 9 (the battery is fed into the circuit). Automatic switch-on of the multimeter with the opening of the input lance is required.

Switch the multimeter to the switched-off station by opening the UIR input.

Structurally, the module is protected and voltage mitigated, hung-mounted and placed in the multimer housing, from the side of the switch between the switching ranges. ( see fig. 3)

For retrofit MULTIMETER brand DT830-C ( 0 ); The switch-off button was taken with a larger high shtovkach, so that in case of transferring and saving, with an onslaught of depression, it worked out with a greater imovirnistyu.

The practice of vikoristannya I will add a zahista and vimknennya, implemented in two Chinese digital

When working, it is possible to do it in two ways, in front of having determined the conductivity and type of the transistor (bipolar / polar (about polar - far)).

1) Connect a transistor, and twist the handle of the base resistor until generation appears. So it is reasonable that the transistor is correct and can have the same transmission coefficient.

2) Set the required value of the transfer coefficient i, turn on, in order, turn on the transistors, select the appropriate number of switches.

I've robbed that virnik two doopratsyuvannya.

1) When the button is fixed, the switch is turned on in the “base”, the transistor resistor is re-wired, supported by 100 KΩ, grounding on the other side. So the vimiruvach can reverse the polytransistors p-n junctionі p or n channel (KP103 KP303 and їm similar). Also, without rebuilding, in this mode it is possible to convert MOS transistors with an insulated gate of n- and p-type (IRF540 IRF9540 etc.)

2) In the collector of another transistor of the vibrating multivibrator (outputting the low-frequency signal), I turned on the detector in the sub-wars, following the excellent scheme of navigating to the base of the KT 315th. In this order, the K-E transition of the key transistor closes, if generation occurs in the vibrating multivibrator (transmission coefficient values). The key transistor, turning, grounding the emitter of one more transistor, on which the simplest generator with a resonator on a three-terminal p'zoelementi was chosen - a typical generator circuit for a "Chinese" telephone signal. A fragment of the multimeter circuit - a device for rechecking transistors - casts in Fig. 3.

Such a circuit awarding was called upon to use the same variable generator in the signalization node of the signaling switch over the stream of the laboratory block of life (the first one, chosen by me, for the designed circuit, testing the parameters of transistors, and testing the parameters of the LBP Fig. 4).

Another vimiruvach was self-reliant in a richly functional arrow multimeter, one three-wire piezo emitter victorious as a signaling device in the "probe" mode (sound reverberation short hum) I test transistors Fig. 5.

Theoretically (I have not tried it), this test can be rebuilt to re-test hard transistors, changing, for example, by an order of magnitude the support of resistors in the bindings of the transistor being re-tested.

So, it is possible to fix the resistor in the base lance (1 or 10 KOM) and change the opir in the collector lance (for hard transistors).

An avometer, the diagram of which is shown in fig. 21, you can control: constant strumi from 10 to 600 mA; constant voltage from 15 to 600 V; change voltages from 15 to 600 V; support vіd 10 ohm to 2 MΩ; high frequency voltages 100 kHz-100 MHz in the range of 0.1 to 40 V. power factor of transistors by stream V up to 200.

For vimiryuvannya vice high frequency vikoristovuetsya wine probe (high-frequency head).

Starry look avometer and HF reading head in fig. 22.

The attachment is mounted in an aluminum case or in a plastic box with a size of approximately 200X115X50 mm. The front panel is made of sheet textolite or getinax tovshchina 2 mm. The body and front panel can also be finished with 3 mm plywood, baked lacquer.

Mal. 21. Diagram of an avometer.

Details. Microammeter type M-84 for jet 100 µA with internal support 1500 ohm. Replacing resistor type TK with vimikachem VK1. Vimicach needs to be removed from the resistor housing, rotated by 180 ° and put on an extra space. Such a change is needed to ensure that the contacts flicker, if the resistor is visible. If you don’t work this, then the universal shunt will lead to connections to an attachment that will change its sensitivity.

All constant resistors, krіm R4-R7, must be made with a tolerance of nominal values of the supports no more than ± 5%. Resistors R4-R7 shunt prilad at vimiryuvann strum, - droto.

The guilty probe for vimiryuvannya vice of high frequency is placed in an aluminum case in the form of an electrolytic capacitor. On it, two contacts are attached to the plug, which is the input of the probe. The conductors of the entrance lancet need to roztashovuvat yakomog given the conductors of the exit lancet of the probe.

The polarity of the diode of the probe is only due to the same as in the diagram. Otherwise, the arrow will fit in return bik. The same costs and diodes of the avometer.

The universal shunt is made from a dart with a great pet support and mounted without a middle on the nests. For R5-R7, you can use a resistor of type BC-1 with a support of 1400 ohms, winding a resistor of the type BC-1 with a support of 1400 ohms on the same case, with a diameter of 0.01 mm.

Figure 22. Outward appearance of the avometer.

Graduation. The avometer scale is shown in fig. 23. Graduation of the scale of the voltmeter is vibrated according to the reference control voltmeter constant voltage behind the diagram shown in fig. 24, a. Dzherelom constant voltage (not less than 20 V) can be a low-voltage vipryamlyach or a battery, stacked with a chotirokh KBS-L-0.50. Turning the engine of the changeable resistor, put the marks 5, 10 and 15 b on the scale of the self-constructed attachment, and between them - each of the pieces. Z tsієї w scale scale і voltages up to 150 V, multiple indications of accessories by 10, і voltages up to 600 V, multiples of 40 indications of accessories.
The scale of the vimiryuvan struma up to 15 mA is due to exactly match the scale of the voltmeter of the constant voltage, which is checked according to the reference miliammeter (Fig. 24.6). If the indications of the avometer are taken from the indications of the control device, then changing the length of the wire on the resistors R5-R7, adjust the support of the universal shunt.

In the same way, the scale of the voltmeter of the coil voltage is calibrated.

To calibrate the ohmmeter scale, it is necessary to vicorate the store of supports or to vicorate in the quality of the standard constant resistors with a tolerance of ± 5%. The first lower part of the graduation, with the resistor R11 of the avometer, install the arrow of the attachment in the extreme right of the position - against the figure 15 of the scale of the constant stream and voltage. Tse will be "0" ohmmeter.

The range of supports, measured by an avometer, the great one is from 10 ohms to 2 MΩ, the scale is wide, so only numbers of supports are applied to the scale, 1 kΩ, 5 kΩ, 100 kΩ, 500 kΩ and 2 MΩ.

Avometrom mozhna vimіryuvati a static koefіtsієnt posilennya tranzistorіv of Strum Getting up to 200. Scale Tsikh vimіrіv rіvnomіrna, to Dіlyat її on rіvnі promіzhki zazdalegіd i perevіryayut on tranzistorіv of vіdomimi values Rising Yakscho Indications priladit descho vіdrіznyayutsya od factual value, the zmіnyuyut opіr R14 resistor values to dіysnih these parameters of transistors.

Mal. 23. Avometer scale.

Mal. 24. Schemes for grading the scales of a voltmeter and a milliammeter of an avometer.

To re-verify the wine probe when changing the high-frequency voltage, you need a VKS-7B voltmeter and any high-frequency generator, in parallel with which the probe is connected. The wire type of the probe is included in the “Zahalniy” socket and “+15 V” of the avometer. A high frequency is applied to the input of the tube voltmeter through a change resistor, as a graduating hour for the scale of the constant voltage. The indication of the lamp voltmeter is due to the scale of the constant voltage by 15 V of the avometer.

If the indications are not corrected during the conversion of the fixture by the tube voltmeter, then the probe resistor R13 opir should be changed.

For the help of a probe, high-frequency voltages are only used up to 50 V. With a higher voltage, a breakdown of the diode may occur. If the frequency voltage is greater than 100-140 MHz, the device should make significant changes in the reduction of the shunt diode diode.

All graduation marks on the scale of the ohmmeter should be shimmered with a soft olive and only after re-verification of the accuracy, they should be outlined with ink.

V.V. Vozniuk. I'll help the school radio jacket

Key tags: vimiryuvannya, Voznyuk

Tsey prilad, vimirnik ESR-RLCF, Picking up a few pieces in a quantity, practice everything miraculously and today. Vіn volodіє vіmіryuvannya great accuracy, є software correction of zero, easy to adjust. To choose a lot of different accessories on microcontrollers, but all of them are far from it. It is only necessary to add respect to the coil inductance. Vaughn is guilty of a great buti and wound with a yakomog wire.

Scheme of a universal vimiruval attachment

vimiryuvacha's ability

ESR of electrical capacitors - 0-50 Ohm
Capacitance of electrical capacitors - 0.33-60 000uF
Capacitance of non-electric capacitors - 1 pF - 1 uF
Inductance - 0.1 μH - 1 H
Frequency - up to 50 MHz
Power supply - battery 7-9 V
Strum dampening - 15-25 mA

In ESR mode, it is possible to switch the constant support 0.001 - 100 Ohm, the switch to the lancet support, which can cause inductance or capacitance, is not possible, since the switching is carried out in a pulsed mode and the switch is shunted. For correct adjustment of such supports, it is necessary to press the “+” button for which adjustment is carried out at fast stream 10mA. In this mode, the range of vibrating supports is 0.001 - 20 Ohm.

In the frequency meter mode, by pressing the “Lx / Cx_Px” button, the “pulse counter” function is turned on (an uninterrupted pulse clock is located at the “Fx” input). Resetting the lichnik is carried out with the “+” button. Є _indication of the battery category. automatically turn on- close to 4 whilins. After an hour of idle time is over ~ 4 hours, the message "StBy" lights up and stretches for 10 seconds, you can press the "+" button and continue the robot in the same mode.

Operation of the accessory

Switching on / wiping - short-term pressing of the "on / off" buttons.
Switching modes - "ESR / C_R" - "Lx / Cx" - "Fx / Px" - with the "SET" button.
After the device is turned on, switch to the ESR / C mode. In this mode, the ESR and the capacity of the electrical capacitors or the constant supports are 0 - 100 Ohm. When the “+” button is pressed, the simulation is based on 0.001 - 20 Ohm, the simulation is carried out with a constant stream of 10 mA.
Zero setting is necessary, once when replacing the probes or when replacing with an additional adapter. Zero setting is carried out automatically, after pushing the push buttons. For which probe is locked, press and hold the "-" button. The display will show the ADC value without processing. If the values on the display show more +/- 1, press the "SET" button, and write the correct value "EE> xxx
For the mode of muting the permanent supports, it is also necessary to set zero. For which probe is locked, press and hold the "+" and "-" buttons. If the values on the display show more +/- 1, press the "SET" button, and write the correct value "EE> xxx

probe design

Yak probe, vikoristany metal plug type "tulip". A head is soldered to the central visnovka. Bichny ushchilnyuvach - a pouch with a disposable syringe. From the available material for the preparation of the head, it is possible to vicorate a brass shear with a diameter of 3 mm. After one hour, the head is oxidized and to restore the superior contact, wipe the tip with a dry emery paper.

accessories

LCD indicator based on HD44780 controller, 2 rows of 16 characters or 2 rows of 8 characters.
Transistor PMBS3904 - be-n-p-n, close behind the parameters.
Transistors BC807 - be it P-N-P, close to the parameters.
Polygon transistor P45N02 - come practically be it maternity pay computer.
Resistors in the lancets of the stabilizers of the struma and DA1 - R1, R3, R6, R7, R13, R14, R15, should be the same as indicated on the diagram, otherwise they can be close to the nominal value.
Resistors R22, R23, in the majority of cases, are not needed, with the help of the “3” indicator, connect it to the case to the case - it will show the maximum contrast of the indicator.
Circuit L101 - is to blame for the buty of the obov'yazkovo pіdbudovuєtsya, inductance 100 μH at the middle position of the heart.
C101 - 430-650 pF with low TKE, K31-11-2-G - can be found in the KOS of 4-5 generation televisions (KVP circuit).
C102, C104 4-10 uF SMD - can be found in an old computer motherboard.
Pentium-3 for the processor, as well as in the Pentium-2 box processor.
Chip DD101 - 74HC132, 74HCT132, 74AC132 - the stench is also stuck in some motherboards.

Discuss the article

Significant recognition of vimiruvalnyh priladіv polagaє in the control of norms acceptable for health. At the stagnant stench, sound as simple as possible.

You can use:

indicators of cleanliness, yakі vyznaє tds meter;
temperature rіven - yogo can be recognized for the help of a pyrometer;
a lot of light, an indicator of what is important for photographers and practitioners of drukarn, know for the help of a luxmeter, etc.

It can be said that all similar fittings can be made up to the request, but they can’t be changed by hand. The reason is that while it is not yet necessary, few people would think of getting mini-possessions for survival. However, if it’s quite natural for a photographer to remember something with a luxmeter, then these tds-meters can also be removed from the list of ignorance, wanting to stink and life is important.

Pure water is a pledge of health

The reasons for buying a TDS-meter are kilka, since the sphere of activity of such a vimiruvach is a sign of water purity. Buying a filter for water, they will calm down a lot, vvayayuchi, that now they have clean and non-shedding water. Tse self-deception. This year, the boiler houses supply water to the floorings of the muddy houses, which alone may not be enough. Until then, the cartridges are as efficient as possible to their ability to purify water only during the cob period of operation.

In the meantime, water can still pass through clogged filters, but with it, there is no need to clean it up. Appearance in the booth, which controls the robot filters, positively signifies the health of all members of the family.

As you can see, water is a necessary product, spozhivannya which is impossible to speed up or turn off. Being near the water of non-traditional houses is not safe for health, since the intake of them in the body is regular.