File system. What is it? A computer needs a file system - the main type and a file system

The knowledgeable disk is guilty of using FAT32 for shortness of complexity, if you plan to save large files, then format them in NTFS. Mac format disks up to the HFS + standard, which is not the case under Windows. Linux also has its own file systems.

Why is it so rich?

File System 101

Development of file systems - it's simple different ways organizing and saving files on a hard disk, flash drive, or any other attachment for saving. The skin pristroy can only have one or more sections, and the skin section is guilty of being "formatted" into the mode of the singing file system. Formatting will open an empty file system of this type on an extension.

File system I will save the way to add the data to the disk around the parts, which are files. There is also a way to collect data about files - for example, їх names, permission and other attributes. File system Also, there is an index-list of files on the disk, and it’s devilishly rostered on the disk, so the operating system can be backed up on a disk in one copy, and it’s not possible to go through the entire disk to know the file.

The operating system is to blame for the intelligence of the file system, so that it could display files, display files and save files from them. If your operating system is not smart about the file system, you can install the file system driver, which will not allow you to view such a file system.

The file system of a computer disk can be related to the system of organizing the collection of documents - the data on computers are called "files", and the stench is organized in the "file system", as paper files can be organized in files. Learn about the different ways of organizing these files and collecting data - tse є "file systems".

Why are there so many file systems

Not all file systems are equal. The development of file systems and the development of methods for organizing government donations. Deyakі file systems and work faster, lower іnshі. Deyakі file systems and more nadіynі and stіykі before the filing of files, at that time as інші reduce the need for performance.

Not існує short file system, as used for all purposes. The skin computer operating system tends to vikoristovuvati its own file system, over which the developers of the operating system work. Microsoft, Apple and retail Linux kernels control over the file systems. New file systems can be faster, more stable, and more scalable for larger attachments to save money and more possibilities, less old.

The file system is not like a partition, which is just a piece of space for a zberigannya. The file system is created, how files are opened, organized, indexed and linked from it to metadata. Depend on the ability to adjust and paint the price.

Remixing filesystems

Kozhen razdіl maє file system. In some cases, you can convert the file system to a partition, but rather easily. Natomist, ymovirno, you will have a chance to find a collection of important data from the distribution.

The operating systems are automatically formatted at the same file system during the installation process. As long as you have distributed the Windows format, for which you want to install Linux, in the process Linux installations formatted for NTFS or FAT32 for Linux file system, for your Linux distribution.

In such a rank, if you have an attachment to save money and if you want to protect your file system, just copy the files from the file, then create a backup copy. Then speed up with the tool Disk management for Windows, gparted in Linux abo disk utilities for Mac OS.

Examining file systems

The axis is a short look at the actions of the most popular file systems, which you will see. Win not weary - there are a lot of different file systems for special establishments:

• FAT32: є one of the oldest Windows file systems, ale win still wins on famous noses- Small ones for the sack. Great new hard drives with a capacity of 1 TB or more will be at any time formatted for the additional NTFS. FAT32 maє sense vikoristovuvati tilki z small outbuildings Sberizannya or confusion with other attachments, such as digital cameras, game consoles, attachments and attachments, which are compatible with FAT32, ale NTFS.
• NTFS: current version of the file Windows systems- vikorystovuatsya, repairing under Windows XP. Named disks can be formatted for additional FAT32 or NTFS.
• HFS +: Mac vikoristovu HFS + for its internal drives, and the same format, new drives - for the latest vikorystannya hard disk Time Machine is required, file system attributes can be added to backup copy... Macs can also read and write files on FAT32 filesystems, if you don't know programmatically secure for writing NTFS file systems from Mac.
• Ext2 / Ext3/Ext4: You will often backup ext2, ext3 and ext4 files in Linux. Ext2 is an old file system, and there are not so many important functions, such as being provided to the journal - as the life goes out or the computer will abruptly end the robot for an hour, I will write to the ext2 disk, the data may be lost. Ext3 gives the characteristics of robustness for the development of effective performance. Ext4 is a great and quick option - the whole file system will be selected for changes on the majority of Linux distributions. Windows and Mac do not support file systems - you need a third-party tool to access files on such file systems. Also, Linux can read FAT32 as well as NTFS.
• Btrfs: The price of the Linux file system is still in progress. At the moment, vin is not standard for most Linux distributions, albeit, just replace Ext4 once. Meta polyagaє in that shhob nadati additional functions which allows Linux to scale up to great zberigannya commitments.
• Swap: Linux has a "swap" file system, not a є file system. Rozdil, formatted as "swap", can be used as a download space for an operating system - as a download file for Windows, and a special distribution.

Browse all file systems, especially in Linux and other Unix-like systems.

A typical computer clown is not guilty of the nobility for most of the material - a little knowledge of the basics will help you to understand such power, such as: "Why is the disk in Mac format not good for my Windows PC?" і "I am guilty of the hard drive USB yak FAT32 or NTFS? "

Good hour, finish off the shanovny koristuvach, at the tsy statti there is about such a topic, yak file. And we can see it: Keruvannya files, tipi files, file structure, file attributes.

File system

One of the main operating systems is to provide data for the amount of data stored on disks. For a certain OS, the physical structure of the data is taken care of, a logical model for the user, which is implemented in the view of the directory tree, which can be displayed on the screen with such utilities, like Norton Commander and Windows Explorer. The basic element of the model є file, as it is, yak i file system zagal, can be characterized by both logical and physical structure.

Keruvannya files

File- The area of ​​the last memory was named, it was designated for reading and recording of the tribute.

Files are stored at the memory, which can be stored away from the power supply. The guilt is an electronic disk, if the VP has a structure, but also a file system.

File system(FS) - a whole component of the OS, which will preserve the organization of the stem, secure and access to the changed sets of data - files.

File system includes: File system includes:

• The copy of all files on the disk.
• A set of data structures that can be used for kervoring files (file directories, file descriptors, tables for creating a file and occupied space on disk).
• Complex system programs They are captured, how to realize the development of operations on the files: stem, enslavement, reading, recording, naming, shouting.

The management, the development of the FS, is laid down according to the way of organizing the calculation of the process. The simplest type is the FS in single-pore and single-program operating systems. The main functions of such FS are aimed at the revival of offensive buildings:

• Naming files.
• Programming interface for programs
• The transformation of the logical model of the FS on the physical organization of the danikh schema.
• The strength of the FS before the costs of food, the grants of the hardware and software supplies.

The manager of the FS accelerates in one-rist, bug-tasking operating systems, which are designed for the robot of one corystuvach, but give the ability to start a number of processes at once. Before the change is made, a new plant is available - a special access to a file with a number of processes.

The file is a resource that can be distributed, and that means the FS is to blame for the whole complex of problems associated with such resources. Zokrema: may be transferred to the blocking of the file of that part, the narrowing of copies, the possibility of racing, the inclusion of deaf kutiv. For those who are rooted on a large number of koristuvach systems, there is one more employee: Zahist files of one koristuvach from the unauthorized access of one koristuvach.

The functions of the FS are still foldable, and it is necessary to organize the work at the warehouse. files one koristuvach from the unauthorized access of one koristuvach.

Mainly file system that general system and keruvannya files- Organization of manual management of files, organized like files: replace low-root access to data from specific physical addresses required for us to record, to obtain logical access from the specified files in the same file.

The terms "file system" and "file management system" need to be resolved: the file system is viznachaє, first for everything, in principle I will access to the data, organized like files. And the term "file management system" is followed by a very specific implementation of the file system, tobto. a whole complex of software modules that provide a robot with files for a specific OS.

butt

The file system FAT (file allocation table) can be easily implemented as a system for kerovanning files

• The system that was developed for the first PC was simply called FAT (at the same time it was called simply FAT-12). They were distributed for robots with floppy disks, and for a long time, it was victorious for robots with hard disks.
• Then they made a big deal for the robot with hard disks, and the new implementation was called FAT-16. tsya name vikoristovutsya і by vіnoshennyu to SUF samoї MS-DOS.
• The implementation of the SUF for OS / 2 is called super-FAT (the main reason is the ability to customize the attributes for the skin file).
• Є version of SUF for Windows 9x / NT is too small. (FAT-32).

File types

Zip files: to take revenge on information of a pre-character character, as to enter in them a koristuvach or as a result of robotic systemic programs of a koristuvach. The snake of the file is started by the program, as it is done with it.

There are two types of file types:

1. Software(vikonuyutsya) - are programs written by the command language OS, and vykonuyut deyaki system functions (may expand.exe, .com, .bat).
2. File danih- all types of files: texts and graphical documents, electronic tables, databases and information.

Catalogs- whole, from one side, a group of files, shared by others from the world (for example, files that can be used with igor programs, or files, to install one software package), and from the other side - a number of special types of files systematic information about a set of files, grouped by the criminals for an informal familiarity (type of file, copying it to disk, access rights, date of completion and modification).

Special files- functional files, associated with input / output attachments, which can be used to unify the mechanism for access to files outbuildings... Special files allow writing from files or reading from files for additional commands. The commands are copied with a set of FS programs, and on the singing stage, the OS will be updated to the OS of the command to control the add-ons (PRN, LPT1 - for the printer port (symbolic names, for the OS - the files), CON - for the keyboard).

butt... Copy con text1 (robot from keyboard).

File structure

File structure- All files on the disk and interconnection between them (the order of the files on the disk).

See file structures:

• simple, abo odorivneva: directory є line-up of files.
• iєrarkhichna abo bagator_vneva: the catalog itself can be included in the warehouse. The israrchic structure can be of two types: "Tree" and "Merezha". Directories set up "Tree", if the file is allowed to enter or only one directory (OS MS-DOS, Windows) and "Merezha" - as the file can be included in several directories (UNIX).
• The file structure can be represented in the graph view, which describes the directory archives and files:

Type and Name Files

Files are identified by names. Koristuvachi give files symbolic names, at the same time, when the OS is interconnected, it’s for symbols, that it’s victorious, so it’s for a little more. In early file systems, the boundaries between the boules are even narrower. So popular file system FAT Dovzhina іmen are interconnected by the home scheme 8.3 (8 symbols - completely іm'ya, 3 symbols - expanded іmenі), and in OS UNIX System V іm'ya cannot be more than 14 symbols.

However, koristuvachevís nagato zruchníshe pratsyuvati with all the names, the odd stinks I can give to the file, I’ll name it in a meaningful way, for what it’s possible to navigate through the great progress in an hour, I’ll be able to guess the file. To that end, you can customize the filesystems and customize them to match the symbolic names of the files.

For example, Windows NT will install on its NTFS file system, but the file can be up to 255 characters, except for the terminating null character.

During the transition to new names, the problem of confusion with earlier programs, which are short names. However, zasosunki could turn to files apparently before they had been accepted earlier, the file system was responsible for the pressures of equivalent short names (pseudonyms) of files, as may be the name of the name. This rank, one of the most important of them, has become the problem of generating common short names.

Symbolic names can be of three types: simple, warehouses and common:

1. Simple im'ya Identifying the file at the boundaries of one directory, it is necessary to find files with the names of the nomenclature and the symbol that is needed.
2. Outside im'ya is a lance of simple symbolic names of all directories, through which paths pass from the root to the file, the name of the disk, and the name of the file. In such a rank, outside of meє we will store In any case, the name of the release is one of one accepted in the OS by the distributor.
3. The file can be used for identification as well. to known people... Visually, the file is assigned a "stream directory" for the understanders. At the skin moment, one hour from the catalogs will be precise, and the catalog will be selected by the clerk himself behind the command of the OS. The file system of the fiksu іm'ya stream directory, so that it is possible to save up to the last names for the finalization of the file.

The tree-like file structures between the files and the different names have a mutually unambiguous appearance - "one file - the same name". In the case of the file structures, the file can be included up to the decal directories, and also there can be several other names; here it is fair to say - "one file - a lot of new names".

For the file 2.doc, there are three types of names, behind the current catalog є catalog 2008 rock.

• Simple im'ya: 2.doc
• Outside іm'ya: C: \ 2008_рік \ Documents \ 2.doc
• Vidnosne im'ya: Documents \ 2.doc

File attributes

An important characteristic є attributes. Attributes- Tse of information, which describes the power of the files. Add available file attributes:

• Sign "only for reading" (Read-Only);
• Sign "ghost file" (Hidden);
• Sign "system file" (System);
• Sign "archive file" (Archive);
• file type (file, directory, special file);
• Vlasnik file;
• The author of the file;
• File access password;
• Information about the permission of the operation to access the file;
• The hour of the start, the last access to that last snake;
• Streaming file size;
• Maximum size for a file;
• Sign "timchasova (vidaliti pislya completion of the process)";
• Signs of blocking.

On file systems different type To characterize files, you can choose a set of attributes (for example, in a single-sided OS, a set of attributes will have all characteristics, which can be used by the user and the owner (the creator of the file, the password for access to the file, etc.).

Koristuvach can otrimuvati access to attributes, vikoristovuchi zoby, nadan for tsiy file system. Allow it to be allowed to read the meaning of any attributes, but if you change the file, you can change the access rights to the file, or you cannot change the date or the current size of the file.

File access rights

Visibility of access rights to the file means that a set of operations is essential for the skin corysist, which can be stored in the file. In other file systems, there can be values ​​for their own list of access operations, which can be differentiated. The whole list can include the following operations:

• root file.
• slaughtering the file.
• write to file.
• display file.
• close the file.
• reading from the file.
• additional file.
• noise at the file.
• otrimannya attributes in the file.
• establishment of new values ​​of attributes.
• renaming.
• vikonannya file.
• reading the catalog and in.

Have a fancy vipadku access rights You can be described by a matrix of access rights, in which one hundred percent of the system files, rows of all files are displayed;

In some systems, corystuvachi can be distributed in the same category. For all permissions in the same category, there are one access rights, for example, for UNIX systems, all permissions are divided into three categories: the owner of the file, members of the group, and all of them.

The file system allows you to systematize programs and data and organize in order to manage your objects.

On operating systems personal computers put a glimpse of the file system concept into the core of the Unix OS. The Unix OS has a pid system introduced-to-vivod unifiku way to access files, and to peripheral extensions. With a file with a wide range of data, the data is collected on a disk, or a terminal or an attachment.

File system - The central part of the operating system, which will not allow you to view operations on files. The file system allows the processing of files and directories (directories) independently of the type, size, type.

File system - Tse data management system.

The data management system is a system that can handle more operations because of the physical manipulation of files and can be respected by the head of the logical authorities.

File systems and operating systems provide for virtual display of external extensions, allowing them not to operate on a low level of commands for managing physical extensions, but on high rivn set of structures and structures.

File system (characteristic):

• I take a picture of a real rostashuvannya information at the last memory;
• make sure that the programs are independent of the features of a specific configuration of the computer (logical routine of robots with files);
• I will save the standard reactions to pardons, which are determined before the hour of exchange of data.

File structure

All files on disk and interconnections between them are called a file structure. The development of the operating systems and the hierarchical bagatory file structure, organized by the view of the tree.

Vikoristovuyutsya tree-like directory structure directory tree. Found in Unix. Iprarchic structure - The structure of the system, parts (components) of which are connected by one connection or a separate order.

The hierarchical structure is depicted by an ori-

tree directory_v drive G

Orintovan tree - the whole graph iz the seen top (root), at which the root and be the top of the single path. At the same time, there are two options for organization: either all the paths are arranged from the root to the leaf, or all the paths are arranged from the root to the root.

The tree is vikoristovuyutsya in the inventory and design of the architecture structures.

The root is the cob position, the leaf is the closed position.

Rozdili

Whether it is a hard magneto-optical disc, the formatting process can be divided into a number of parts, and from them, like from extra-thin (self-contained) discs. The parts are called razdilami abo logical drives... The size of a disk on a number of logical disks may be necessary through those, but the OS cannot work with disks, the size of which changes the same value. Even more easily, take the data and programs koristuvach okremo from system programs (OS), even OS can "fly from the computer".

Rozdil- Disk area. Під logical disk (razdil) in the computer, be smart about the information, the operating system is efficient and effective.

Disk ime- Poznachennya logical drive; recording at the root catalosis.

Logic disks (partitions) are designated by Latin letters A, B, C, D, E, ... (32 years from A to Z).

Literi A, B are reserved for designated floppy disks.

C - hard disk, start from how to wobble the OS.

Інші Lіteri - logical disks, compact disks just. The maximum number of logical drives for Windows is unlimited.

Have tables of razdіlіv it is necessary to grow the ear of the ear and the number of sectors in the whole distribution (mice and size).

File structure of a logical disk

It will return to the information on the disk, which is located in the file, the nobility is required to the physical address of the first sector (surface number + road number + sector number), a number of clusters, which borrowed a file, the addresses of an offensive cluster, such as size, file size cluster

File structure elements:

starting sector (Pochatkovy zavantazhennya, Boot-sector);

table distributionfiles (FAT - File Allocation Table);

root directory (Root Directory);

Danih area (too much disk space).

Boot-sector

Boot-sector - The first (cob) sector of the disk. Located on 0 sides, 0 roads.

Boot-sector to revenge service information:

disk cluster size (cluster is a block that is shared by a group of sectors in fast size FAT tables);

a quick FAT-table rosta (near the boot-sector there is an indicator for those, the FAT-table has been de-rooted);

size of FAT tables;

number of FAT tables (there are at least 2 copies of tables for securing the reliability and safety, so that the FAT is updated before the information is lost and it is important to update);

addresses to the ear of the root director and the maximum size.

The voot-sector has a block of cobbing (cobbing) - a booting record of Boot Record.

Zavantazhuvach is a service attendant program, which helps the program, how to enter, into operative memory and bring it into the state of readiness before the visit.

FAT (file allocation table)

FAT (File Allocation Table) - file allocation table. At them, it is indicated that the disk files are transferred to the skin file. The area of ​​the given disk is represented in the OS as the last of the clusters.

FAT- Tse array of elements, scho address clusters of areas of the given disk. The skin cluster of the region received one FAT element. FAT elements serve as a lance on the cluster file of the area danih.

The structure of the file distribution tables:

FAT is stored for items up to 16/32/64 bits. In the table, there can be up to 65520 such elements, leathery from them (except the first two) are shown to the disk cluster. Cluster є on a single basis, where there is space in the data area on the disk for files and catalogs. The first two table elements (numbered 0 and 1) are reserved, and the skin of the other table elements is assigned to the disk cluster with the same number. An element can be entered, whether the cluster is valid, or a defective cluster, but the cluster can be located in the file and the remaining cluster in the file. If the cluster should be located in the file and not left as a cluster, the table element should be replaced with the number of the offensive cluster in the whole file.

FAT- Vry the important element of the file structure. Destruction of FAT can lead to more or less loss of information on all logical drive. The disk itself contains two copies of FAT. To run special programs, which control the FAT mill and correct the damage.

For other OS you need development versions FAT

Windows 95 FAT 16, FAT 32

Windows NT (XP) NTFS

Novell Netware TurboFAT

UNIX NFS, ReiserFS

Logical structure of information

JOIN

Nini newest є personal computers (PCs) powered by a Pentium processor. On most PCs, the operating system (OS) Windows 95 or Windows 98 (Windows 9x or Windows) will be installed. Windows is actually the standard for 32-bit personal computers. Several versions of the system have been broken up.

The operating system (OS) is a whole complex of programs that will secure the management of the EOM equipment, plan for an effective management of resources and the connection of tasks for the employees of Koristuvach. The OS is connected to the computer before the hour is turned on.

Vidminnyi rice of modern operating systems, zokrem Windows 9x, є:

Apology іnterface koristuvach, tobto use і methods of interaction with koristuvach;

Baggage assignment - the ability to register a number of programs "one hour";

victoriousness of all the possibilities, which is nadayutsya with modern microprocessors;

Robot steadiness and robbery.

Windows 9x is an offensive one that is the result of the anger of two Windows 3.1x and MS-DOS systems. The retailers were able to take low compromises for securing the integrity of these systems:

Windows 9x fixes the functionality of the real mode, otherwise it will be possible to change to the hijacking mode;

Windows 9x is based on MS-DOS;

Windows 9x has an abundance of 16-bit components (modules and add-on drivers).

At the core of Windows 9x is the built-in display layout. Ob'єktami є documents, additions, folders, files, labels, disks too. Vidkrittya ob'uktu-One of the main things to understand in the system. Diya, scho to vikonuyutsya at tsomu, to lie down in the form of an object:

- document display Polyagaє in the launch of a specific add-on stealing a document in a qiu program, to ensure the ability to look at you, to edit that friend. You can change the display of a document that is locked up, you can talk about the display that is locked to a file from a document, fragments of all documents are saved from files;

- Opening programs- launching the robot;

- Open folder polyagus at the image on the screen together, so that it is possible to be aware of the fact that there are objects in it;

- vidkrittya attachment introduced - vivodu I will allow you to eat in the middle of the dispatcher, so I will take care of the keruvannya tsim to add it;

- Jarlik display in bagatokh vipadkah it is more powerful than the display of that object, for any kind of opening.

Before an hour of processing a document, you can choose a procedural and formal procedure. At the first vipadku need nobility, as a program next to crumble the document. In the іnshomu vypadku when the sub-clinking on the document, or for a new label, start the process of association with him additional documents. I do not know Windows, as a complement to my Danish document, propony to call the document with a singing supplement.

FILE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

A robot on a PC is shown with useful data. Everybody thinks about it if it’s okay (program for a machine code, for a robot, be it text documents that numerical data, coded tabular, graphical and information).

File- the price of the same information on the new nose is named (for example, on a magnetic disk).

Have imeni file(OS Windows 9x) you can vikoristovuvatisya mayzhe all symbols, how to play with, but a number of obmezhen:

There can be no punches on the cob and in the last file (it is possible to set it, ale the stench is ignored);

Іm'ya file cannot be read from the point and end with it;

In the іmenі file it is not possible to store such symbols: /, \,:,?, '',<, >, |, a bit of stench reserved for other purposes;

Dovzhina іmenі file is not guilty of changing (zagalom) 255 symbols.

Such names are called dovgimi. For example, Laboratory robot No. 1 from the discipline of operational systems.

For a Windows 9x skin file, it is automatically generatedє short I, like to form, run from MS-DOS OS, it will be victorious for securing the confusion of operating systems. Win revenge no more than 8 symbols. In addition to the symbols, which are taken away by the old names, it is not allowed to vikoristovuvati symbols ;, +, [,], =, "point", "coma", "probil". It’s short I’m to fix it, as I dovge, next the symbol ~ and the ordinal number (not more than 8 symbols). With a whole lot of fences, symbols go down, little letters change into great clothes. For example, PRIMER ~ 1 can be rendered to the same file, but to be repaired with the letters Primer. It’s still such a file, but it will be short as PRIMER ~ 2.

Barred є names reserved for input-output attachments: PRN (printer), CON (console, keyboard and monitor), NUL (active attachment), LPT1 - LPT3 (first - third parallel port), COM1 - COM3 (first last port.Latin alphabet characters A :, B :, C :, D: etc.

As long as there is one point in the presence of the file, then it will get involved, but it will not be expanded, depending on the nature of the information. Extension to a fileє The last of the symbols, which is the last given in the name of the point. The speck is peeped out like a razdіlnik іmenі and expanded. Zavdannya razshennya zd_ysnyu himself koristuvach, or a program, scho rozhuє file. More beautifully than vicoristovuvati standard 1-3x character extensions, scraps become more visible to the file type, for example:

BAT for command files;

DOC for files, which replace the different documents in the format of the editor Microsoft Word;

PAS for programs written by my PASCAL; -

PCX for files with illustrations in raster formats graphic editor Publishers Paintbrush;

VAK for files z front version document (backup files);

ЕХЕ for files, with a ready-to-use program

COM for files, with a ready-to-use program without the middle of MS-DOS.

At this hour for programs that are ready before the visit to the operating system, vikoristovuyt term supplement(application), for example, Windows - program

Application file: COMMAND.COM, COMMAND - ім'я file, СОМ - extension.

A number of authorities will be connected with the skin file around the same short name. Until the number authorities files refer to:

file attributes;

Date of that hour її of opening;

Date and hour of modification to the file;

The date of the last access to the file (read or write);

Dovzhina or file size (in bytes).

Attribute file Visa start ways to get the right to access to the new one. In Windows 9x, the attributes are faster and more informative than MS-DOS. The file can be assigned a combination of hovering attributes below:

Read-Only [R] (Tilki reading) - I will set the file to record, the file cannot be seen, changes or changes without special calls;

Archive [A] - I will set the archive status for the file, it will be automatically set up when the file is modified, and I will know how to archive the backup;

Hidden [H] - grab files, as long as there is no special entry, the folders are not displayed.

System [S] (System) - the attribute, like the system files.

3 skin file Windows middleware 9x Calls the pictogram to match the file type. Piktogram- There is a small illustration, which will help you quickly identify the object, and it is tied to it.

Often, for assigning decimal files, or for speedy writing down names of files, a template is used for a file. Templateіmenі є іm'ya, in which vikorystyutsya symbols - substitutes"*" that "?". Position, de worth the sign "?" May be a symbol of revenge. "*" means that the position, in the same position "*", and all the steps can be occupied by the symbols.

* .ТХТ - all files of type TXT;

A?. * - all files, names of which can be repaired from a liter A and stored in one or two letters.

1.2. Folders (directories)

In the world of growth, the number of files on the disk grows a lot, and the number of files on the disk grows quickly, and the number of files on the disk grows quickly and easily. A group of files on one nose, so that you can be united for any criterion, you can get in daddy(Folders). MS-DOS has a faulty witness catalog abo director(Directory). The analogy between folders and directories is not entirely. A leather catalog can be displayed in a folder, rather than a skin folder on a disk, but if it is displayed, then it can be found in the main file structure. If the file is stored in the folder (directory), then it seems that the file is in the catalog. The skin folder in Windows 9x can be used as a pictogram and as a file (albeit, as a rule, without extension).

(Be-yak) the folder can be registered in the іnshіy papacy. To that, the file structure on disks is. head folder, abo root directory(ROOT DIRECTORY) There is one such folder on the skin disk, which is denoted by the "\" character. The root catalog is published when the disc is formatted, and it cannot be renamed, no visions. Slide means that the folders of the filthy magnetic disks are not accepted.

As soon as one folder is located in іnshіy, then the persha is called daughter (subdirectory), and the other - the father’s (overdirectory) 100% of the first folder. In MS-DOS, the symbol ".." is used for the symbol ".."

MS-DOS adapts the concept stream accumulatorі stream catalogs... We will give you a handful of information about the accumulation of the system, and from the catalog. Catalog, z yakim y the present moment pratsyuє koristuvach, scho to be called a stream. So it is itself that the current nakuchuvach begins. The stream directory of a streaming disk is named robots. Windows also adopts a concept that is altogether different. For example, the change of the working folder in the programs is displayed implicitly - when the documents are displayed.

The attachment of a fragment of a file structure on a disk is shown in Fig. one.

Small. one

In Fig. 1, the Documents directory is registered in the My folder, which seems to be that Documents is the My folder subdirectory, and My folder is the superdirectory, or even the Batkiv directory, for Documents.

With a skin folder (ale not with a head), like a file, a number of powers will be tied. Folders will have a Directory (D) attribute, which is how they are going to the file, as well as the date of the start time.

When distributing the structures of files on the disk, it is not enough for the known file to be able to deprive it of its own name (if you don’t want to use Windows with high roots). It is necessary to specify the route (s) to the file. Route- The sequence of the names of directories, separated by the symbol "\", which will set the route to the root (new route) or stream directory of the disk before the file is located. In such a rank, outside the file, for the specifics of the file maє takiy viglyad:

[drive:] [new_path \] im'ya.type.

The square legs have the necessary parameters.

While the main character is usually not allowed for short names (in the middle of MS-DOS), the specifics must be placed at the paw.

Appendix to the main file: A: PROGRAM PASCAL LAB.PAS.

For example, before the DEMO.EXE file, which is located in the PROGRAM podkatalozi, you can go to:

DEMO.EXE, which is the current PROGRAM directory;

PROGRAM \ DEMO.EXE, which is the current root directory;

- .. \ demo.exe, which is the current PASCAL directory.

1.3. Labels

By the way Windows 9x The root of one component of the file system - shortcuts - will be installed on the disks. Jarlik(shortcut) є a file to take revenge on the indicator (silannya) to a certain object in the resource tree - the first file, a folder or a peripheral attachment. (File structures of all available disks, as well as attachments to resource tree.) One object can display a number of shortcuts from other folders. When you see a jarlik, you will be deprived of the power to the object, which does not change. When you click on the document label, the program will be implicitly launched, which is tied to the document, and the document itself will be tied up for processing. Most often, there are shortcuts on the work table, so that you can get access to the objects, so that you can be victorious all the time. A shortcut is called a shortcut by the very rules, like a file, or a standard extension of LNK (as LiNK-links) is assigned to it. The pictogram of the jarlik is set up from the pictogram of the object, for the jarlik it is opened, and the arrow is bent into the lower left codend.

If the shortcut is used for MS-DOS or a batch file, then the shortcut is replaced by a file with PIF extensions. The file in the middle of Windows 95 can be seen as a shortcut special kind, you should check the file for the MS-DOS middleware.

1.4. Working style

Writing Windows 9x to the monitor screen to be displayed Working style(Desktop), (like vvazhaєtsya) the best folder. The working style and itself is an object of the system, albeit on the view of the objects, which is located on the new one, it cannot be transferred either from copies to one of them. On the work table, it is allowed to change whether objects are from the resource tree, call on a new one to be found without standard (system) folders and shortcuts for quiet objects, access to those you need most often.

Standard (system) folder- the same folder, which can be used by Windows. Promptly deyakі z standard folders placed on the work table:

The My computer folder is a way of a computer and allows you to restore access to your resources. Having removed access to the deyakogo object, it is possible to use it for the required operations or change of power;

Recycle Bin folder. At the same folder, you can use files and shortcuts, so you can see them, if you need to update them. The size of the basket is regulated.

Tsi two folders є obov'yazkovy, rashta - ni. The peculiarities of the standard folders є (great) are the unhappiness of their visualization, changing, volodinnya with special powers, the manifestation of specific commands in context menus. From the point of view Windows Robot style - also a standard (system) folder.

Control food:

1. What is the file, ім'я and expansion of the file, template?

2. Are Yaki files called viconuvany?

3. What is the same folder (directory), subdirectory, root and father's directory?

4. Are the folders standard?

5. Date of specification of the specific file.

6. What is also a jarlik?

MS-DOS COMMAND

Launching commands go to the command row by sending the request to the robot or the command file. The request is seen if the OS is ready before the robot.

MS-DOS command format:

command [Parameters].

The parameters of the command are displayed with punches. Yakshko koristuvach does not include the current parameters and keys from the command, the system of transferring values ​​for promotions. Key /? Seeing a clue about the team. Interrupt the command of the command, or the programs can be attacked by the keyboard ; download the information on the screen - , prodovzhiti - to the onslaught of any keys.

There are two types of MS-DOS commands: wake up (internal) and wake up (call). Vbudovanі Commands are the easiest to get used to, є warehouse command processor command.com that is not displayed in the catalosis. (For example, DIR, COPY, DEL and інші.) lock up commands are given a list of commands, which are constantly saved from files on disk (for example, FORMAT). First run on the command line, you need to go back to the disc. The actions of the MS-DOS command are easy to understand.

3.1 To change the streaming drive, you need to type the name of the drive, which is more precise, then the symbol ":".

For example,

command zd_d_snyuє go from drive A: to drive C :.

3.2 Change to the stream catalog

CD (CHDIR) [drive:] path

For example,

CD PROGRAM - go to the PROGRAM subdirectory;

CD .. - transition to the Batkiv catalog.

3.3 View the file on the screen.

TYPE [drive:] [route \] im'ya.type.

For example,

TYPE \ PROGRAM \ PASCAL \ lab.txt;

TYPE AUTOEXEC.BAT.

2.4 View a file or a group of files

DEL [drive:] [route \] im'ya.type.

Qia team allow vikoristovuvati pattern.

For example,

DEL *. * - View all files in the stream directory.

2.5 Browsing the catalog

DIR [drive:] [route \] [im'ya.type].

For a skin file, the command to change the name, type, size of the file in bytes, the date of the date and the hour of the file is stopped. At the same time, it’s possible to create a wider space. The key "" / P "" is added to the catalog in the world of the screen, which will continue to be introduced. When the key / W is selected, only the file names (and extended) are displayed on the screen, 5 in a row.

2.6 Membership in the catalog

MD (MKDIR) [drive:] path

2.7 View from the catalog

RD (RMDIR) [drive:] path

With the help of the team, it can be seen whether there is a directory, but for all the fault it is not guilty of the misdemeanor of the files, nor of the other directories (for making sure to insert files through the vipadkie erasure). Obviously, there is no way to reduce the current directory and the main directory.

2.8 Renaming files

REN [drive:] [route \] older than new.

The qi command allows you to change the file without changing it. The team allows vikoristovuvati template.

2.9 Cleansing the screen

2.10 Vivedna version of the operating system

When the command is entered on the screen, the version number of the operating system appears, which can be found in the current version. The knowledge of the version is necessary, some of the things that grow in the future and the commands and programs written for the newer versions, do not try to get too excited, but rather to look in an insane way.

2.11 Setting the flow hour

TIME [hh: mm: cc: dd]

With the command of the team, the exact hour before the hour of MS-DOS is set up, for be it the only moment of the robot on the machine. When you run a command without parameters, the current hour is seen and a new one is powered by pressing the key , you can wait an hour.

2.12 Establishing a stream date

DATE [mm: dd: yy]

The team will installє I will sharpen the date analogous to the TIME command to set the flow hour.

2.13 Browsing the directory tree

For a simple command, a logical list of all subdirectories on the active disk will be displayed on the display screen. With the additional key F, you can edit the list of files, which can be found in the same directory.

2.14 Copy of environment files

The COPY command allows you to copy files from disk to disk, exchange data between peripheral attachments and update data during copying.

COPY [drive:] [route \] ісф [drive:] [route \] [інф],

de ісф - іm'ya of the old file with extensions, inf - іm'ya of a new file with extensions. Key / V allows copying with inversion of correctness of copying. Qia team allow vikoristovuvati pattern.

With the victorious COPY command for the exchange of information between the peripheral annexes, replace the names of the files in the team with the special names CON, PRN, NIL and other, which may have the following meanings:

CON - console: keyboard for inputting data, video display for outputting results and control of dialogue;

PRN is the main printer for connecting with your system;

NUL -pseudo-pseudo-parsing (non-expansive) for testing programs.

The COPY command allows you to combine multiple files with one "+" sign. With this, the received (concatenation) files do not change, but in new file the exact hour and date will be recorded.

1) COPY PASCAL * .PAS B :,

Copy all files in PAS type from the PASCAL directory to disk:

2) COPY FILE.EXT PRN,

vivedennya file FILE.EXT on druk.

3) COPY CON FILE.EXT,

the introduction of the given from the keyboard in the file FILE.EXT, in the case of the final file, the combination of the keyboard (Connected to a file in MS-DOS).

4) COPY FILE1.EXT + FILE2.EXT + FILE3.EXT BOOK.EXT,

combining several files into one BOOK.EXT.

2.15 Save files to write

ATTRIB [+ R | -R] [+ A | -A] [drive:] [route \] im'ya_file.

R - set the file to record;

R - skassovuє capture file from record;

A - I will set the archive status for the file;

A - skassovuє for the file archive status;

ATTRIB + R FILE.EXT - it is not possible to write information to the whole file;

ATTRIB FILE.EXT - try to power up the ability to write data to FILE.EXT. View the operating system:

R_A: \ FILE.EXT, tobto. the file is not writable.

2.16. Forwarding Danih:

> - Forwarding of incoming data. Dani, which are displayed on the screen, are redirected to the peripheral attachment or disk file. The remaining file is displayed as needed. As the file is clear, old data are replaced with new ones.

TYPE FILE.TXT> PRN

ECHO Tomorrow Zbori Group> PRN

>> - vykhіdnі danі is also redirected, but if the file is already ісnu, danі will reach the old people.

< - переадресовать входные данные. Данные будут приниматься не с клавиатуры, а с периферийного устройства или из дискового файла.

PROGRAM< FILE.TXT

Note: A program that results in what you want to redirect, you can use standard input / output functions.

2.17. Organization of conveyors.

You can vibuduvati commands or programs in the lanciuzhok so that the first entry into the screen from them will be victorious and entered from the keyboard of the offensive A1 | A2 | A3.

ECHO Y | DEL *. *> NUL - automatically transfer Y (So) to the power supply of "Vypevneni ..." when all the elements are seen in the catalog.

View for (conveyor) | transmission of tribute from one program to the last. Nabagato Effectively Vikoristannya | (conveyor) with commands of filters and redirects.

2.18. Filters FIND, MORE, SORT.

a) Poshuk for the meanings of the tributes disk file(Phone number, addresses, be it a phrase):

FIND "phrase" [shlakh \] ім'я file,

de / C - lichilnik viyavlennya, tobto. the phrase is developed, but the rows themselves are not displayed;

/ N - vivoditsya the same row number (edge ​​of the row itself);

/ V - to vivoditsya all rows, such as revenge a ciu phrase.

FIND "group" FILE.TXT - a row in the file is displayed to expose the word "group".

DIR | FIND / V “COM” - to display files on the screen, except files from COM extensions.

FIND “car” AB.DAT, B.DAT, C.DAT - vitrati on the car.

b) Postornkovy visnovok on the screen

MORE< FILE.TXT

TYPE FILE.EXT | MORE

c) Sortuvannya Danikh.

SORT order of construction),

de / R - sorting after falling;

/ + n - can be repaired from column n, the row will have a variety.

the introduction of information from the keyboard, Ù Z - signs of the information, which is entered.

Tse bazhano write down to the file, tobto. SORT< CON >FILE.TXT.

DIR | SORT - sorted items to the directory on іm'ya files (directories).

DIR | SORT / + 10> FILE.EXT -

List of files in order for extended (WINDOWS 9X).

Why can a smartphone not be launched by programs from a memory card? How does ext4 work in principle as ext3? Why would a flash drive live better, since it can be updated from NTFS, and not from FAT? Who has the F2FS problem? Consider the peculiarities of the budget and file systems. Let's talk about them.

Entry

File systems and visually start collecting donations. From them to lie down, to stumble with some intercourse, to stumble upon, how smart will be the operation of reading, and I will write down that how much I am going to accumulate proprietorship without suffering. Especially budget SSDs and young brothers - a flash drive are especially prone to. Knowing the peculiarities, it is possible to win from any system and maximize that optimize the situation for specific buildings.

Vibrate type and parameters of the file system and are brought up, if the need to be processed is non-trivial. For example, you need to speed up the most frequent file operations. On the same file system, you can reach in different ways: Indexing to make sure that there is a big buzz, and in front of the backup of the blocks, to make it easier to overwrite files, which often changes. Before the front optimization of the tribute operational memory to reduce the number of necessary operations introduction-delivery.

The security terms of non-uninstallable exploitation add to the power of current file systems, such as attachments to records, deduplication and insertion of algorithms. The stench is especially relevant for cheap SSDs from TLC memory chips, flash drives and memory cards.

Outside optimization for old disk arrays: for example, the file system can be easily displayed when mirroring a volume, it can be easily scaled up without being included.

Black box

Koristuvachi in the main work with the file system, as it is used for the operation system. The smell of new discs is rare, and it’s even easier to think about these adjustments - it’s just the recommended parameters, or to bathe in front of the formatted nose.

Everything is simple in Windows shanuvalniks: NTFS on all disk drives and FAT32 (or the same NTFS) on flash drives. If the NAS is worth it, and in the new file system, then for the most part, it should be lost for the border. Until now, it is easy to connect as soon as possible and download files, like from a black screen.

On mobile gadgets with Android, ext4 is most often used from internal memory and FAT32 on microSD cards. For the henpecked, they don’t care, but they have a file system: HFS +, HFSX, APFS, WTFS ... for them, there are only beautiful folder and file icons, painted by our designers. The most vibrant vibe for Linux users, but you can screw on the filesystems that are not old for the operating system, it is possible both in Windows, and in macOS - for the whole story.

Zagalne kornnya

There are hundreds of file systems available, but more than a dozen can be called up-to-date. If we want all the stinks to break down for their specific zasosuvan, we will find ourselves arguing on a conceptual basis. The stench is similar, the shards of vikorist are the same type of structure of the manifestation (meta) danih - the B-tree ("bi-tree").

As if it were an architectural system, the B-tree should be repaired from the root entry and it should be done right up to the last elements - additional entries about files and their attributes, or “leafing”. The main sense of the root of such a logical structure is to speed up the noise of the filesystem on the great dynamic arrays - nachebto hard drives a lot of terabytes or even more significant RAID arrays.

B-trees are located on a smaller scale to the disk, below the type of balanced trees when the operations themselves are quiet. To reach the price for the rakhunok of the fact that the endurance objects in B-trees are organized according to one height, and the speed of all operations is proportional to the height of the tree.

Yak і balanced trees, B-trees lose the same way from root to any leaf. Replace the growth of the stench on the back more and grow more in width: all points on the B-tree are easy to use on the daughter, because it’s easy to see for a small number of animals. There is a great number of indications to reduce the number of found disk operations - the position of the heads for every hour of reading the complete blocks.

The concept of B-trees of the Bula was formed in seventy rocks and became famous for the new ones. At the same time, it is implemented in NTFS, BFS, XFS, JFS, ReiserFS and without a DBMS. The stench is a relative of the basic principles of organizing tributes. The attention is drawn to details, often to finish the important ones. The shortcomings in native file systems are also overwhelming: the odds of stinking for robots themselves with disks even before the appearance of SSDs.

Flash memory yak dvigun progress

Solidly accumulating disks step by step, but not leaving the snares of others' file systems, transferred to recessions. The stench is prompted on the arrays of flash memory, the principle of robotics is to be seen from disk attachments. Zokrema, flash memory can be erased before recording, and the whole operation in NAND chips cannot be displayed on the same level. Vona can be deprived of great blocs.

Connected to the interconnection with this, in the NAND memory, all the middle parts are combined into blocks, the skin is only connected to the bus, but it is controlled. We will not go into the details of the reverse organization and the description of the hierarchy. It is important є the very principle of group operations, from intermittent ones, and when you change the blocks of flash memory, use more blocks, less blocks that are addressed to any file system. Therefore, all addresses and commands for storage from NAND flash must be translated through the FTL (Flash Translation Layer) abstract sphere.

The confusion of the logics of the disk attachments and the support of the commands of the native interfaces without the controllers of the flash memory. Call FTL to be implemented in the firmware itself, or on the host - for example, the Plextor company writes for its SSD drivers to accelerate the recording.

You can't do without FTL, you can’t get around to writing one bit in a particular commerce before starting a whole series of operations: the controller shoukє block, to avenge the commercially needed; the block can be read again, write to the cache or else, then it can be erased again, so that it can be overwritten back with the necessary changes.

This kind of nagadu army weekdays: how to punish one soldier, the sergeant to rob the home, wickedly bidolakha with harmony and command іnshim rozіtisya. In the early days of the NOR-memory of the organization of the spetsnaz bullet: the skin is controlled independently (the skin transistor is mav individual contact).

The supervisors have everything to do with it, some of the skin generations of the flash memory of the technical process and the preparedness to change for the advancement of the production and the cheap prices for the donation of money. At the same time, due to technological standards, the rozrakhunkovy term of exploitation of chips is changing.

Modules with single-stage SLC series of applications have a resource of 100 thousand cycles during rewriting and more. Bagato hto from them dosi pratsyuє in old people flash drives and CF cards. At MLC corporate class (eMLC), the resource is declared in the range of 10 to 20 thousand, while at the extraordinary MLC, it is estimated at 3-5 thousand. Memory of this type is actively growing cheaper than TLC, its resource will last up to a thousand cycles. Utrimuvate the term of life of the flash memory at a reasonable level to be brought up for the rakhunok of software tricks, and new filesystems and become one of them.

The virobniks allowed a small selection, but the file system is not important. The inspector himself is guilty of servicing an incomplete array of memory, be it of a type, which is supported by them in an optimal way. For the file system driver, I have a very large disk, and I myself have a low level of optimizations for any kind of beast. However, in practice, optimization small annexes change from charming to fictional.

For corporate SSDs, the controller is like a small computer. There is a great memory buffer (more and more), and I will adapt the ineffective methods of increasing the efficiency of the robot with the data, allowing the uniqueness of the cycles to be overwritten. Chip ordering all the blocks in the cache, saving entries for writing, robbing deduplication for a benefit, reserve one blocks and clearing them on only ones. The whole process of being viewed is absolutely uncomfortable for the OS, the program of the koristuvach. With such an SSD, it is not respectful, as the file system is victorious. Internal optimization is meaningfully infused into productivity and resource, and not a lot of calls.

For budget SSDs (and smaller ones - flash drives), install more smart controllers. They have a cache of urges, for example, but if they push in the server technology, they will not get stuck. The memory cards have primitive controllers, which are often used, but they are not. Therefore, for cheap attachments from flash memory, the current methods of balancing new options will become relevant - now in front of the additional special file systems.

From JFFS to F2FS

One of the first attempts to write a file system, as vrahovuvala, the principle of organizing flash memory, Bula JFFS - Journaling Flash File System... A collection of the swedish company Axis Communications has been adapted to improve the efficiency of the memory of the cut-outs, which Axis released in the nineties. The first version of JFFS used NOR memory, but the other version also used NAND.

On the other hand, JFFS2 can be interchanged. Basically, it’s how it is to be victorious in Linux distributions for vbudovannyh systems. You can find it in routers, IP cameras, NAS and other users of the Internet of speeches. Zagalom skrіz, de requisite is a small obsyag of the overpowering memory.

LogFS became a JFFS2 extension after a break, and the index descriptors were taken from the same file. The author of the idea is Robert Mertens, a sprobat of the Nymetsk parent of IBM, Jorn Engel, and of the Osnabrück University. The latest LogFS code has been released on GitHub. Judging by the fact that the rest of the change in the new boom has been destroyed because of that, LogFS has not gained popularity.

The protest spontaneously spawned the emergence of a special file system - F2FS. They broke up in the Samsung corporation, a part of which fell apart was a part of the virobble at the light of the flash memory. Samsung has to replace NAND Flash chips for power attachments for replacing their companies, as well as expanding SSDs from principally new interfaces to replace installed disks. The creation of a special file system with optimization for flash memory has looked like Samsung has long been needed.

Chotiri rocky that, in 2012, Samsung got F2FS (Flash Friendly File System). The idea is good, but the realization has appeared like a will. The key to the start of the F2FS opening hour was simpler: to reduce the number of rewriting operations in the middle and to enable them to be updated as much as possible. For the whole it is necessary to visit the operations from a number of alternatives in the boundaries of that very block at once, and not one by one. This means that it is not necessary to rewrite explicit blocks for the first power supply of the OS, but to cache commands and data, to add new blocks in a single place and to add erasing of alternatives.

The current F2FS update has already been officially implemented in Linux (and that means, in Android), but there are almost no special challenges yet. The main feature of the file system (rewriting attachments) called for efficiency before the next day. An old trick from keshuvannyam to win over the early versions of benchmarks, de F2FS showed a clear change not for a few big ones (as it was smart) and not in times, but in orders. It's just that the F2FS driver has reported about the operation, as the controller is only planning to run it. However, if the real increase in productivity in F2FS is not great, then the wear rate will be infinitely smaller, less with the same ext4. Those optimizations, as you can create a cheap controller, will be victorious on the same file system.

Extent and bitovi pictures

Poki scho F2FS sprymayatsya yak exotic for gіkіv. Ext4 continues to be used on your Samsung smartphones. Bagato hto vvazhaє її a little more development ext3 doesn’t call it that way. There is more information about the revolution, not about the extra 2 TB per file, which is simpler to increase the number of indicators.

If the computers were big and the files were small, the addressing was not foldable. A number of blocks were seen in the skin file, the addresses of which were entered in the table of relations. So, the ext3 file system has been used, so it gets lost in the system of dosi. And the axis of ext4 has a principled way of addressing - extent.

Extensions can be extended as index descriptors as in additional sets of blocks, which can be addressed as a whole as without interruption in last. One extension can be a file of average size, and great files can be seen in a dozen or so other extensions. It is cost-effective, less addressing hundreds of thousands of other blocks for chotiri kilobyti.

Changing to ext4 and writing the mechanism itself. Now the blocks are powered up for one power supply. I did not go too far, but before writing the tribute to disk. The attachments of a large-block rozpodil allow you to mess around with any operations, like ext3: in these blocks for a new file were seen at once, you can find them in the cache and plan to see all of them.

Diet z obmezhennya FAT

Besides the balanced trees and their modifications, the most popular logical structures. Explore file systems with a different type of organization - for example, linear. Yak minimum one of them tee, melodiously, often koristyshsya.

Mystery

Guess the riddle: about the twelve won, she began to reappear, up to sixteen bulls she was a bad comrade, and up to thirty two she became fat, so she became too simple. Who's out?

That's right, the story about the FAT file system. Vimogi of the madness made the slackness of the nasty thing unbearable. On floppy disks, there is a 12-bit bullet, on hard disks - a 16-bit one, and until now it has gone 32-bit. In the skin of the offensive version, there are a number of addressed blocks, but in the day there is nothing to change.

The popular FAT32 file system has appeared already twenty years ago. This year's won’t be so primitive and it doesn’t apply access control lists, disk quotas, background information, or inshi. modern technologies optimization of robots from data.

Now FAT32 is needed in our days? So it is very vicious for the safety of the madness. Vyrobniki rightly vvazhayut, scho distributed FAT32, you can read the OS. The very same stink on the latest hard drives, USB Flash and memory cards.

Smartphone flash memory

MicroSD cards (HC), which are used for smartphones, are formatted for FAT32. The main transfer code for the installation on them of the program of transferring the data from the internal memory. To add a little bit, you need to install it on the card razdil ext3 or ext4. It is possible to transfer all file attributes (including the owner and access rights) to the new one, so whether the program can work like this, it was launched from the internal memory.

Windows can’t run more than one partition on flash drives, or else you can run Linux (if you want to have virtualization), or I’ll put in a utility for robots with a logical layout - for example, MiniTool Partition Wizard Free. If you have found a supplementary first slot with ext3 / ext4 on the card, the supplementary Link2SD and analogous ones will receive significantly more options, but not with one FAT32 slot.

Just another argument for the FAT32 vibor is often called visibility by these magazines, which means that shvidshi operations will record the least wear in the middle of the NAND Flash memory. In practice, FAT32 victoriousness can be brought to life-changing problems without any problems.

Flash drives and memory cards can be easily woken up through those that, be it like a snake in FAT32, they overwrite quiet sectors themselves, and two flanges of file tables are removed. The web site was saved as a whole, and the won was overwritten once a hundred - with skin additions to the flash drive of the Chergov's other gif. Launching portable software? Winning time files and gradually changing the hour of the robot. That is more beautiful than vikoristovuvati on NTFS flash drives with $ MFT table. Additional files can be stored directly in the head file table, and expanded files can be stored in the separate flash memory area. Until then, the developers of the index on NTFS are shy about it.

INFO

For FAT32 and NTFS, the theoretical size of the investment is not mentioned, but for the practical stench of the same: for the first catalysis, you can remove only 7707 catalogs. Lovers to take pictures of matrioshkas.

It’s a problem that there are a lot of files to be copied - it’s hard to write a file larger than 4 GB to a FAT32 partition. The reason for this is that the FAT32 file size is described by 32 bits in the file size table, and 2 ^ 32 (minus one, which is more accurate) give chotiri gig. To go, it’s impossible to write a movie in normal quality to a USB flash drive, or a DVD image.

Copying great files: when you try to finish, you want to see it right away. In the first situations FAT32 is played by the role of the bombshell. For example, having copied portable-soft to a USB flash drive and copied with it without any problems. After a trivial hour, one of the programs (admittedly, accounting for the mail order), the base of the data is being disregarded, and ... it just ceases to be monitored. The file cannot be overwritten, but it cannot be overwritten to a size of 4 GB.

Mensch obviously has a problem with the fact that the FAT32 file date can be set in two seconds. It’s not enough for cryptographic software packages that can be used for team hours. The low accuracy of the "date" attribute is another reason why FAT32 does not look like a povnotsinna file system is safe. However, the weak sides can be victorious for their own purposes. For example, if you copy files from the NTFS partition to FAT32, then the stench will be cleared from all metadata, as well as from the ad hoc and specially assigned permissions. FAT is simply not available.

exFAT

On the view of FAT12 / 16/32, exFAT was developed specifically for USB Flash and memory cards of the great (≥32 GB) volume. Extended FAT assimilation of guesses is inadequate FAT32 - overwriting the quiet sectors themselves when there is a change. Yak in a 64-bit system, there are not practically significant values ​​for the size of one file. Theoretically, it can be up to 264 bytes (16 Ebytes), and such cards will not be available soon.

Another important aspect of exFAT is the handling of Access Control Lists (ACLs). It’s not the same simpleton from the nineties, protesting exFAT in favor of the format. The exFAT support has been legally implemented in Windows (repairing from XP SP2) and OS X (repairing from 10.6.5). Linux і * BSD won’t be allowed to be interconnected, or not entirely legally. Microsoft vimagaє lіcenzuvati victoriannya exFAT, and in tsіy galuzі a lot of legal super-links.

Btrfs

Another common representative of B-tree file systems is called Btrfs. Qia FS appeared in 2007, and was partly launched in Oracle with an eye on a robot with SSD and RAID. For example, it can be dynamically scaled: you can open new index descriptors right from the working system, or distribute the volume on it without seeing a big picture.

Implementation at Btrfs the mechanism of copying before an hour will record the integration with the Device mapper kernel module, allowing the operation of practically mittєvi snapshots through virtual blocks of attachments. Forwardly compressed tribute (zlib or lzo) and deduplication accelerate the main operations, at the same time promoting the life of flash memory. It is especially useful for robots with data bases (it is possible to reach the compression in 2-4 times) and other files (the stench can be written in the order of great blocks and can be stored without the middle in the sheets).

Also Btrfs will adapt the mode of the main journal (danikh and metadanikh), revision of the volume without editing and without lingering day-to-day features. Btrfs code is published under the GPL license. The file system can be used in Linux and is stable when it can be repaired from the kernel version 4.3.1.

Onboard magazines

Practically all large numbers of current file systems (ext3 / ext4, NTFS, HFSX, Btrfs and others) are reported to the foreign group of magazines, a bit of a stench leads to a cloud of changes, but to be added to the near wines (magazines) disk operations. However, there is a step in the details of the logging and the efficiency of accessing the filesystems of the development.

Ext3 we will provide three modes of reporting to the magazine: with a ringing sound, ordering and outside the magazine. The first transmission mode is to record when there are no transcripts (metadans), but the messages themselves are displayed asynchronously. The other regime has the same record of metadani, even before the introduction of any changes. The third mode is equivalent to the main journal (change as metadata, and in the files themselves).

The benefit of the given options will not be overridden. The only two deprived of it is to accelerate the discovery of pardons before the hour of revision and guarantee the renewal of the integrity of the file system itself, but instead of the files.

NTFS logging is similar to ext3's other logging mode. The magazine will write down without any changes in metadata, and the data itself, if any, can be consumed. This method of keeping the journal in NTFS is not thought of as a way to achieve maximum hopes, but rather as a compromise between the speedy and responsiveness. The people themselves, who sound like robots with systems, will start journaling, vvazhayut NTFS pseudo-journaling.

Implementations in NTFS will be more attractive than ext3. At NTFS, checkpoints are periodically set up, which guarantee the visibility of all previous disk operations. Control points do not miss anything special with update points in System Volume Infromation. It's just a record service for the vine.

Practice will show how such a private NTFS journal is a great vistach for a problem-free robot. Adzhe to navigate for the quick connection of the discs, the attachments do not know how to mite. The living unit and the numerical condensers in the accumulators themselves will provide the very minimum supply of energy, which I will record at the completion of the flow operation. Happy SSD for їх shvidkodії and economііnіstі such kіlkosti іnergії and call up the list and display of the operations. Trying to switch to the outside of the magazine reduced the efficiency of more operations at the time.

Allowed third-party FS for Windows

Vikoristannya file systems have been changed to a certain extent on the OS level. For example, Windows is not ext2 / 3/4 and HFS +, but rather an hour of demand. You can fix it by adding a driver.

WARNING

Lots of drivers and plug-ins to support third-party file systems may not be interconnected or stable. The stench can be confusing with other drivers, antiviruses and virtualization programs.

Open the driver for reading and writing on the ext2 / 3 partitions with the ext4 partition. Have the last version Extensives can be accommodated up to 16 TB. Not supported by LVM, access control lists and extended attributes.

Isnu plug-in plug-in for Total commander... Prepared for reading ext2 / 3/4.

coLinux is a shrink-wrap Linux kernel port. Along with the 32-bit driver, Windows allows you to run Linux in the middle of Windows 2000 to 7 without the introduction of virtualization technologies. I have been given a 32-bit version. The layout of the 64-bit modification has been skewed. coLinux also allows Windows access to ext2 / 3/4 shares. Welcome to the project was awarded at 2014 roci.

It’s possible, Windows 10 already has an interface for Linux-specific file systems, it’s just awesome. The Lxcore.sys kernel driver and the LxssManager service, which are blocked as a library by the Svchost.exe process, should be directed to the dummy. I would like to give a report from the additional report of Alex Ionescu "Linux kernel, the core of Windows 10", with a visit to Black Hat 2016.

ExtFS for Windows is a paid driver released by Paragon. Win pratsyuє in Windows from 7 to 10, I will access to volumes ext2 / 3/4 in the mode of reading and writing. I will be able to use ext4 support on Windows.

HFS + for Windows 10 is another proprietary driver from Paragon Software. Unimportant in the name, pratsyuє at all Windows versions fixing it with XP. Provide additional access to HFS + / HFSX file systems on disks, whether they are in a format (MBR / GPT).

WinBtrfs - early release of the Btrfs driver for Windows. Also, in version 0.6, we will have access to volumes of Btrfs for reading and writing. In the process of processing the hard and symbolic data, we will accept alternative data streams, ACL, two types of compression, and the asynchronous read / write mode. Pokey WinBtrfs you can not pick up mkfs.btrfs, btrfs-balance and other utilities for servicing the whole file system.

Possibilities and interconnection of file systems: a table has been added

Fay-la-wa system-ma	Mac-si-mal-niy volume size	Boundary size of one file	Dovzhina vlasnogo imeni file	Dovzhin to the new file (including paths from the root)	Per-file number of files and / or directories	Accuracy of decree-for-nya to file / kata-lo-ha	Access rights	Zhorstki posilannya	Сіm-vіlnі posilannya	Snap-shots	Stisnennya danih u foni	Shif-ro-va-nya danih u foni	Didu-pli-ka-tsya dan-nih
FAT16	2 GB in 512 byte sectors or 4 GB in 64 KB clusters	2 GB	255 bytes from LFN	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
FAT32	8 TB in 2 KB sectors	4 GB (2 ^ 32 - 1 byte)	255 bytes from LFN	up to 32 subdirectories from CDS	65460	10 ms (sorennya) / 2 s (zmіna)	ni	ni	ni	ni	ni	ni	ni
exFAT	≈ 128 PB (2 ^ 32-1 clusters of 2 ^ 25-1 bytes) theoretically / 512 TB via third-party interconnection	16 EB (2 ^ 64 - 1 byte)			2796202 at catalose	10 ms	ACL	ni	ni	ni	ni	ni	ni
NTFS	256 TB clusters with 64 KB or 16 TB clusters with 4 KB	16 TB (Win 7) / 256 TB (Win 8)	255 Unicode characters (UTF-16)	32760 Unicode characters, no more than 255 characters for the skin element	2^32-1	100 ns	ACL	So	So	So	So	So	So
HFS +	8 EB (2 ^ 63 bytes)	8 EB	255 Unicode characters (UTF-16)	okremo not to be intertwined	2^32-1	1 s	Unix, ACL	So	So	ni	So	So	ni
APFS	8 EB (2 ^ 63 bytes)	8 EB	255 Unicode characters (UTF-16)	okremo not to be intertwined	2^63	1 ns	Unix, ACL	So	So	So	So	So	So
Ext3	32 TB (theoretical) / 16 TB in 4K clusters (via e2fs programs)	2 TB (theoretically) / 16 GB for older programs	255 Unicode characters (UTF-16)	okremo not to be intertwined	-	1 s	Unix, ACL	So	So	ni	ni	ni	ni
Ext4	1 EB (theoretical) / 16 TB in 4 KB clusters (via e2fs programs)	16 TB	255 Unicode characters (UTF-16)	okremo not to be intertwined	4 billion	1 ns	POSIX	So	So	ni	ni	So	ni
F2FS	16 TB	3.94 TB	255 bytes	okremo not to be intertwined	-	1 ns	POSIX ACL	So	So	ni	ni	So	ni
BTRFS	16 EB (2 ^ 64 - 1 byte)	16 EB	255 ASCII characters	2 ^ 17 bytes	-	1 ns	POSIX ACL	So	So	So	So	So	So