Antipyretic remedies for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are situations of indispensable help for fevers, if the child needs to give faces negligently. Then the fathers take on themselves the resuscitation and stop the antipyretic preparations. What can be given to infants? How can you lower the temperature in older children? What are the most safe faces?
Dynamic compression(Dynamic range compression, DRC) – sounding (otherwise expanded at expander times) of dynamic range by phonograms. Dynamic range, Tse difference is between the quietest and most powerful sound. Sometimes the phonogram will have a sound that is three times louder than the noise, and sometimes three times quieter than the loudest. Hardware attachments and programs that create dynamic compression are called compressors, among them there are two main groups: air compressors, limiters, expanders and gates.
Tube analog compressor DBX 566
Lowering that booster compression
Lower compression(Downward compression) changes the volume of the sound, if it starts to overexaggerate the boundary value, drowning out the quieter sounds from the unmistakable sight. Extreme downcompression option limiter. Moving compression(Upward compression), on the other hand, increase the volume of the sound, even if it is lower than the threshold value, do not stick out more loud sounds. When you hurt, see the compression sound dynamic range audio signal.
Lower compression
Moving compression
Expander and Gate
As the compressor changes the dynamic range, the expander increases. If the value of the signal becomes greater than the threshold value, the expander will increase even more, thus increasing the difference between loud and quiet sounds. Similar extensions are often played when recording a drum kit, to make the sounds of drums sound like others.
Expander type quiet sounds, which does not exceed the level of the threshold value (for example, background noise) is called noise gate. In such an extension, as soon as the sound becomes smaller than the threshold, the passage of the signal is attached. Sound the gate victorious to change the noise in the pauses. On some models it is possible to work in such a way that the sound, when the threshold level is reached, does not sharply stick, but fades step by step. In this mode, the damping speed is set by the Decay regulator (decay).
Gate, other types of compressors, maybe frequency fallow(so that it can be processed differently) and can be done in the mode side chain(div. below).
Compressor operation principle
The signal that is fed into the compressor is split into two copies. One copy is directed to the signal, in which step the strength is controlled by the call signal, the other copy forms the signal. You will get into attachments, side-chain ranks, de signal will be destroyed, and on the basis of these data, it will be created, which will describe the change of yoga density.
This is how the majority of modern compressors has been improved, so the titles of the feed-forward type. In older outbuildings (type feedback), the signal is reduced after the signal is switched off.
Explore different analogous technologies of ceramic layering (variable-gain amplification), skincare with its advantages and disadvantages: lamp, optical, photoresistance and transistor. When working with digital audio (at sound editor or DAW) can be mastered by any mathematical algorithms or emulate the work of analog technologies.
Main parameters of compressors
Threshold
The compressor changes the level of the audio signal, causing the amplitude to exceed the threshold value. It will sound in decibels, at which the lower threshold (for example -60 dB) means that more sound will be processed, lower at a higher threshold (for example, -5 dB).
Ratio
The level change step is defined by the ratio parameter: ratio 4:1 means that if the input level exceeds the threshold by 4 dB, the output signal level will exceed the threshold by 1 dB.
For example:
Threshold = -10dB
Input signal = -6 dB (4 dB higher than threshold)
Output signal = -9 dB (1 dB higher than threshold)
It is important to mother on the verge, that the strangulation is equal to the signal is three and the next hour after the fact that the fall is lower than the threshold level, and the value of the parameter is the same hour release.
Compression with maximum ratio ∞:1 is called limiting. Tse means that if a signal is higher than the threshold level, it will be reduced to the threshold level (because of a short period after a sharp increase in input density). Report div. below "Limiter".
Apply different Ratio values
Attack and Release
The compressor takes control over the timing, as it quickly responds to a change in the dynamics of the signal. The Attack parameter sets the hour, by running which the compressor changes the gain ratio, which is indicated by the Ratio parameter. Release sets the hour, which compressor stretches, then, increases the gain factor, or turns it back to normal, so that the value of the input signal falls below the threshold value.
Phasie Attack and Release
The parameters indicate the hour (sound in miliseconds), which is needed to change the strength on the song, the number of decibels, sound 10 dB. For example, in times like Attack is set to 1 ms, changing the gain by 10 dB takes 1 ms, and at 20 dB - 2 ms.
For some compressors, the Attack and Release parameters can be adjusted, but for some stinks, they can be set back and adjusted. Others are designated as "automatic" or "program dependent", that is. zminyuyutsya fallow in the input signal.
Knee
Another compressor parameter: hard/soft Knee. Vіn vyznaє, chi will be an ear of compression compression sharp (hard) chi act (soft). Soft knee changes the memory of the transition from an unprocessed signal to a signal that has been compressed, especially at high Ratio values and sharp increase in loudness.
Hard Knee and Soft Knee compression
Peak and RMS
The compressor can react to peak (short maximum) values or to the average value of the input signal. The higher peak values can lead to sharp fluctuations in the compression stage, and inspire calmness. Therefore, the compressor will stop the averaging function (sound RMS) of the input signal when it reaches the threshold value. Tse gives a comfortable stisk, proximity to the human sprynyattya of agility.
RMS is a parameter that reflects the average volume of phonograms. From the mathematical point of view RMS (Root Mean Square) - the root mean square value of the amplitude of the singing number of samples:
stereo linking
The compressor in the stereo linking mode is stagnant but strong enough to both stereo channels. This allows you to hide the stereo panoramas, as if it could be the result of an individual processing of the left and right channels. Such a shift is seen, like, for example, whether it’s a rich element of panning in the center.
makeup gain
Oskіlki compressor zamenshu zhalnyj r_ven signal zvіlіvіst іnіkіvі єfіksovana vyhodіnnya na vyhodі, scho scho otrimati optimal rіven.
Look-ahead
The look-ahead function is recognized for solving problems that rule both large and small Attack and Release values. Too great an hour of attack is not allowed to effectively override transients, and too small may not be comfortable for the listener. With the reverse look-ahead function, the main signal is attenuated at a slightly lower rate, which allows compression to be started later, before the signal reaches the threshold value.
The only shortfall of this timchasov's obstruction is a signal that such vipadkas are unbearable.
Victory Dynamic Compression
Compression victories are everywhere, not only in musical phonograms, but in a screeching manner, de needing to increase the deep volume, not to increase the volume peaks, de vikoristovuєtsya inexpensive zvukovodvoryuyucha equipment or obmezheniya transmission channel (alarm systems and zv'yazku, amateur radio too).
Compression stops when background music is created (at shops, restaurants, etc.)
But the most important sphere of dynamic compression is the musical vibration of that movement. Compression is beaten to give the sound "strength" and "drive", for the shortest use of instruments one by one, and especially when working on vocals.
Vocal parts in rock and pop music sound like compressions, so that you can see them on the aphids of the accompaniment and add clarity. A special kind of compressor, lapping only on the sings of the frequency - deesser, victorious for strangling hissing phonemes.
In instrumental parts, compression is also played for effects that are not connected directly with the loudness, for example, sound drums, which are quickly extinguished, can become more trivial.
In electronic dance music (EDM), side-chaining is often played (div. below) - for example, the bass line can be twisted with a barrel or similar, in order to avoid the conflict between bass and drums and create a dynamic pulsation.
Squeeze widely in wide-range broadcasts (radio, television, Internet traffic) to increase the volume that is received, with a one-hour change in the dynamic range of the output audio (sound CD). The greater part of the country may be legally obmezhennya on mitteviy maximum obligation, which can be broadcast. Sound the exchanges are implemented by the post-installation equipment compressors of the ethereal lance. In addition, the increase in volume, which is accepted, improves the "yakness" of the sound from the point of view of greater hearing.
Div. also Loudness war.
The last increase in the volume of one and the same song, remastered for CDs from 1983 to 2000.
side chaining
Another compressor jumper that is often mentioned is the "side chain". In this mode of compression, the sound is not stale in the middle of the air, but in the staleness it is equal to the signal, which is on the rose, which is called so - side chain.
Whom you can know sprat zastosuvan. For example, the vocalist lisps and all the letters "s" are seen from the main picture. You pass your voice through the compressor, and in the pink side chain you feed the whole sound, but not through the EQ. On the equalizer, you pick up all the frequencies, the cream is quiet, so the vocalist victorious under the hour, promote the letter “s”. Sound, close to 5 kHz, but maybe 3 kHz to 8 kHz. If we then put the compressor in side chain mode, then the voice will be compressed at that moment, if the letter "s" is used. In such a rank, wiyshov prilad, vіdomy yak deesser (de-esser). Such a method of work is called "frequency dependent" (frequency dependent).
Another zastosuvannya ts_єї funktsії znavat "ducker". For example, on the radio station, the music goes through the compressor, and the words of the DJ - through the side lance. If the DJ starts to move, the volume of the music automatically changes. This effect can be successfully recorded in the recording, for example, change the volume of keyboard parts for an hour of sleep.
brick wall limiting
The compressor and the limiter work approximately the same, you can say that the limiter, the same compressor with a high Ratio (for example 10:1) and sound with a low Attack time.
Understanding Brick wall limiting - limiting with an even higher Ratio (like 20:1 and higher) and even a quick attack. Ideally, the vignette does not allow the signal to overshoot the threshold level. The result will be unacceptable by ear, but at the same time it will improve the poor quality of the sound-making technique or the transfer of bandwidth to the channel. Integrate a lot of virobniks at your own premises with the same method.
Clipper vs. Limiter, soft and hard clipping
This group of methods is based on the fact that the signals that are transmitted are subject to non-linear amplitude transformations, moreover, in the transmitting and receiving parts of the non-linear reciprocity. For example, as in the transmission there is a non-linear function Öu, in the receiver it is u2. The last zastosuvannya vzaimozvorotnyh funktsiy led to the fact that the fumes of transformation become linear.
idea non-linear methods squeezing data is brought up to the point that the transmitter can, with the same amplitude of the output signals, transmit a larger range of change of the parameter that is transmitted (to that, a larger dynamic range). Dynamic range- the difference in audible units in decibels is to bring the largest allowable signal amplitude to the smallest:
| ; | (2.17) |
 .
| (2.18) |
Naturally, the need to increase the dynamic range for an additional change U min is between the sensitivity of the equipment and the increase in the flow of noise and noise.
Most of the time, the pressure on the dynamic range is used for the additional parity of the reciprocal functions of the logarithm and the potency. The first operation to change the amplitude is called compression(squeezing), friend - expandduvannyam(To stretch). Choose the most tsikh functions of bandages with the greatest possible compression.
At that very hour, the methods may have shortfalls. The first one is that the logarithm of a small number of negatives is at the boundary:
so sensitiveness is already non-linear.
To change these short-term offensive functions, modify the shifted approximation. For example, for telephone channels, the function can be approximated (type A):
moreover, A = 87.6. Vigrash v_d stisnennya to become 24dB.
Squeezing these paths of non-linear procedures is implemented by analogous methods with great frills. The use of digital tools can significantly improve the accuracy of the code conversion. With whom directly zastosuvannya koshtіv counting technique(that is, without the average calculation of logarithms and exponent) will not give the best result due to the low code and the calculation of the amount that accumulates.
Squeezing these data with a path of compression through an exchange of accuracy vicorists in unexpected situations, for example, for transmitting movies over telephone and radio channels.
Efficient coding
Efficient codes were proponated by K. Shannon, Fano and Huffman. The essence of the code lies in the fact that the stench is uneven, that is, with an unequal number of discharges, and the time of the code is wrapped in proportion to the uniformity of its appearance. Another miraculous feature of effective codes is that they do not mean splitters, so that special symbols, like splitting other code combinations. Tse can be reached with the help of a simple rule: short kodi is not an ear of the cob. In this case, the succession of double rows is unambiguously decoded, the decoder shards reveal a bunch of short code combinations. Efficient code long hour were purely academic, but for the rest of the day they were successfully victorious when forming databases, as well as when collecting information in modern modems and software archivers.
Through nerіvnomirnіst to enter the middle of the code. Middle date - mathematical evaluation of the date to the code:
moreover, l cf pragne H(x) to the beast (so l cf > H(x)).
Wash your mind (2.23) for the betterment of N.
There are two different effective codes: Shannon-Fano and Huffman. Let's look at them from the butt. Admittedly, the immovability of symbols in the sequence may have a meaning, indicated in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1.
Immovable symbols
| N | |||||||||
| pi | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
The symbols are ranked so that they are placed in a row after the fall of their humours. After that, the Shannon-Fano method periodically repeats the following procedure: the whole group of subgroups is divided into two subgroups with the same (or approximately the same) total differences. The procedure continues until the end, until one element is left out of the black subgroup, after which this element is used up, and after the designated actions, which are left out, continue. Tse goes until the last feast, until the remaining two subgroups are left with one element each. Let's take a look at our butt, which is listed in table 2.2.
Table 2.2.
Shannon-Fano coding
| N | Pi | ||||||
| 4 | 0.3 | I | |||||
| 0.2 | I | II | |||||
| 6 | 0.15 | I | I | ||||
| 0.1 | II | ||||||
| 1 | 0.1 | I | I | ||||
| 9 | 0.05 | II | II | ||||
| 5 | 0.05 | II | I | ||||
| 7 | 0.03 | II | II | I | |||
| 8 | 0.02 | II |
As can be seen from Table 2.2, the first symbol is replaced by p 4 = 0.3, taking part in two procedures of breaking up on the group of offenses and going up to the group with the number I. Vіdpovіdno up to thіє vіn is coded by the yard code ІІ. Another element for the first stage of the battle lies with group I, the other - with group II. This is code 10. Codes of other symbols of additional comments will not be required.
Sound nerіvnomіrnі kody izbrazhuyut like code trees. The code tree is a graph that indicates on the allowed code combinations. Set the straight lines of the edges of the graph in front, as shown in Fig. 2.11 (choose straight ahead).
According to the graph, they are oriented as follows: fold the route for the seen symbol; the number of ranks in the yoma is more than the number of ribs in the route, and the value of the skin rank is more direct in the direction of the rib. The route consists of exit points (on the armchair it is marked with the letter A). For example, the route at the top 5 consists of five ribs, for that number all, the rest, may be directly 0; Accept code 00001.
Let's calculate for whom I will apply the entropy and the middle length of the word.
H(x) = -(0.3 log 0.3 + 0.2 log 0.2 + 2 0.1 log 0.1+ 2 0.05 log 0.05+
0.03 log 0.03 + 0.02 log 0.02) = 2.23 bits
lav = 0.3 2 + 0.2 2 + 0.15 3 + 0.1 3 + 0.1 4 + 0.05 5 +0.05 4+
0.03 6 + 0.02 6 = 2.9 .
Yak bachimo, the middle length of the word is close to entropy.
Cody Huffman will be behind a different algorithm. The coding procedure consists of two stages. At the first stage, it is sequential to carry out one-time squeezing of the alphabet. A one-time grip is the replacement of the two remaining symbols (with lower powers) with one, from the total power. Squeezing to carry out doti, doki does not lose two symbols. When you fill in the coding table, put down the resultant values in it, and also show the routes with which new characters to go to the next stage.
At the other stage, the coding is done correctly, as it starts from the rest of the stage: the first of the two characters is given code 1, the other - 0. After that, go to the next stage. Before the symbols, if they did not take part in the squeezing at this stage, assign the code from the next stage, and up to the remaining two symbols, assign the code to the symbol that was removed after gluing, and add 1 to the code of the upper symbol, 0 to the lower symbol. do not take the fate, this code becomes immutable. The procedure is leftover (tobto the first stage).
Table 2.3 shows the coding for the Huffman algorithm. As can be seen from the table, the coding was done in 7 steps. Evil is indicated by the imovirnist of symbols, right-handed - intermediate code. The arrows show the movement of newly created symbols. At the dermal stage, the two remaining symbols are resurrected by a younger order, which confirms the coding methodology. Calculate the middle length of the word:
lav = 0.3 2 + 0.2 2 + 0.15 3 ++ 2 0.1 3 + +0.05 4 + 0.05 5 + 0.03 6 + 0.02 6 = 2.7
More closer to entropy: more efficient code. On fig. 2.12 a tree is introduced to the Huffman code.
Table 2.3.
Huffman coding
| N | pi | the code | I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII |
| 0.3 | 0.3 11 | 0.3 11 | 0.3 11 | 0.3 11 | 0.3 11 | 0.4 0 | 0.6 1 | ||
| 0.2 | 0.2 01 | 0.2 01 | 0.2 01 | 0.2 01 | 0.3 10 | 0.3 11 | 0.4 0 | ||
| 0.15 | 0.15 101 | 0.15 101 | 0.15 101 | 0.2 00 | 0.2 01 | 0.3 10 | |||
| 0.1 | 0.1 001 | 0.1 001 | 0.15 100 | 0.15 101 | 0.2 00 | ||||
| 0.1 | 0.1 000 | 0.1 000 | 0.1 001 | 0.15 100 | |||||
| 0.05 | 0.05 1000 | 0.1 1001 | 0.1 000 | ||||||
| 0.05 | 0.05 10011 | 0.05 1000 | |||||||
| 0.03 | 0.05 10010 | ||||||||
| 0.02 |
Obidva codes are satisfied with the ability to uniquely decode: as you can see from the table, more short combinations are the cob of existing codes.
With an increase in the number of symbols and the effectiveness of the codes, more blocks are encoded in certain ways (for example, as you can find about texts, you can encode deuces, words that are most commonly used, and navit phrases).
The effect of the implementation of such codes is equal to the equal code:
 | (2.24) |
de n - the number of rows of equal code, which is replaced by an effective one.
Modifications of Huffman codes
The classic Huffman algorithm can be double-passed, tobto. Let's start with the collection of statistics for symbols and reminders, and so on for descriptions of more procedures. It’s not handy practical, the oskіlki zbіlshuє hour orobki povіdomlenі and accumulated vocabulary. Most often, one-pass methods are used, for some procedures, the accumulation of such coding will be the same. Such methods are called adaptive compression according to Huffman [46].
The essence of adaptive embossing according to Huffman is built up to the emergence of the cob code tree and the subsequent modification after the occurrence of the skin worm symbol. How and when, the trees here are bіnarnі, tobto. from the dermal vertex of the graph-tree, there are at most two arcs. It is customary to call the outer peak father, and the two new peaks tied to it - children. We introduce the understanding of the vertex vag - the number of symbols (words), which are the given vertices, taken away when submitting the final sequence. It is obvious that the sum of the vaga of the children is the vase of the father.
After the introduction of the black symbol of the input sequence, the code tree is looked over: the vags of the vertices are rearranged and the vertices are rearranged as necessary. The rule for permuting the vertices is as follows: the lower vertices are the smallest, and the vertices that are left-handed on the graph may be the smallest vertices.
Peaks are numbered one hour at a time. The numbering starts from the lower (hang, so do not let children) peaks to the right, then transferred to upper rive and etc. to the numbering of the remaining exit vertex. With whom, an offensive result is reached: the smaller is the top of the top, the smaller is the number.
Permutation is important for hanging vertices. During the permutation, a higher rule was formulated: the vertices with a great vag can be changed to a larger number.
After passing the sequence (it is also called control or test), all hanging vertices are assigned code combinations. Rule Assignment Code_v Analogically to Vicious Code: Kilkіst Retaline Code Dor_vnuє Kilkosti Verkhin, through Yaki Passing the route Vіd Vikhimyi to Tsієї Visyachio Vershini, and a value of a specific looked back of Vіdpovіda Tentka Vіd Batka to "Ditini" (Sagnimo, Digіd Vlіd Vіd Batka Vіdpovіda Valida 1, right - 0 ).
Otrimani code combinations are entered into the memory of the annex, embossed at the same time with analogues and set up a dictionary. Vicoristannya algorithm y axis chomu. The sequence of symbols is clenched and broken up into fragments vaguely up to an explicit dictionary, after which the skin from the fragments is replaced by the code of the dictionary. Fragments not shown in the dictionary establish new hanging peaks, swell vags and are also entered into the dictionary. In such a way, an adaptive algorithm for updating the dictionary is formed.
To improve the effectiveness of the Bazhan method, it is necessary to increase the scope of the dictionary; in which way the coefficient of constraint rises. In fact, the expansion of the vocabulary becomes 4 - 16 Kbytes of memory.
 |  |
||
We illustrate the guidance algorithm with a butt. On fig. 2.13 a visual diagram is drawn (also called the Huffman tree). The skin vertex of the tree is shown by a rectangle, which has two digits entered through it: the first one means the number of the vertex, the other - її vaga. How can you reconsider, the vіdpovіdnіst vаgi of the peaks of those їх numbers vikonuєtsya.
Now, it is acceptable that the symbol, the main vertex 1, the test sequence is different. The vaga of the top has changed, as shown in fig. 2.14, after which the vertex numbering rule is broken. At the next stage, we minify hanging vertices, for which we change vertices 1 and 4 by places and renumber all vertices of the tree. The subtraction graph is shown in fig. 2.15. Then the procedure is continued in the same way.
A trace of memory, that the skin hanging top in the Huffman tree shows the singing symbol of one of their groups. The father looks like children, that the group of characters, that shows you, is one character shorter, lower for yoga children, and the number of children looks like the rest of the character. For example, the fathers use the symbols "kar"; even in children, there may be sequences "kara" and "korop" in children.
The guidance algorithm is not academic and is actively exploited in archiving programs, including when squeezing graphical data (more on them below).
Lempel-Ziva algorithms
The most common are the squeezing algorithms. The stench is victorious in most programs - archivers (for example, PKZIP. ARJ, LHA). The essence of algorithms is the fact that the deak’s sukupnist of symbols is replaced when archiving with a number in a special dictionary. For example, the phrase "On your list of exit number ...", which is often used in business listings, can take position 121 in the dictionary; If you choose to transmit or save the guessed phrase (30 bytes), you can save the phrase number (1.5 bytes for two-tenth form, or 1 byte for two).
The algorithms are named in honor of the authors, as they were previously propagated in 1977. Of these, the first is LZ77. For archiving, it is created in such a way as a forge for reminding the window, which is made up of two parts. The first part, of a larger format, is used to form a vocabulary and may be divided into a few kilobytes. From a friend, a smaller part (sound up to 100 bytes in size) is received in a stream of characters and text that is being looked at. The algorithm tries to learn from the dictionary the totality of symbols, as it works with the accepted ones at a glance. As it goes, a code is formed, which is composed of three parts: a place in the vocabulary of another cob order, a second order, a symbol. For example, visions of a row are formed from the symbols of "additions" (6 symbols in total), the symbol following it is "e". Todi, if the order is given to the address (place in the dictionary) 45, then the entry in the dictionary may look like "45, 6. e". After the first time, the position is applied for, and the search continues. In this way, a vocabulary is formed.
The advantage of the algorithm is the dictionary folding algorithm, which is easy to formalize. In addition, it is possible to rozarchive and without a cob dictionary (bazhan mother test sequence) - the lexicon is formed in the course of rozarchivation.
The shortcomings of the algorithm are blamed for the zbіlshennyam expansion of the dictionary - the hour for searching is increased. On the other side, as in the streaming window, there is a row of symbols, in the dictionary, the skin symbol is written in a tri-element code, tobto. come out not a squeeze, but a draw.
The best characteristics of the algorithm LZSS, proponation 1978. At new є відмінnostі at podtrimtsі kovzny vіkna and vihіdnih codes of the compressor. Krіm vіkna, the algorithm forms a two-tree tree, similar to the Huffman tree for speeding up the search for zbіgіv: the leather order, which is more precise, is added to the tree like one of the children. Such an algorithm allows additionally increasing the size of the streaming window (bazhan, so that the value of the second step was increased: 128, 256, etc. bytes). In addition, sequence codes are formed: additionally, a 1-bit prefix is entered to separate unencoded characters in pairs "reset, return".
An even greater degree of constraint can be obtained with different algorithms of the LZW type. Previously described algorithms can fix the expansion of the world, which makes it impossible to enter phrases from the previous world into the dictionary. Algorithms LZW (that їх LZ78) have a look-back for a long time, and the dictionary accumulates phrases (but not a bunch of symbols, like before). The dictionary may not be separated, and the encoder (decoder) works in the phrase recognition mode. If the phrase that is searched by the dictionary is formed, you see the code of the code (then the code of the phrase in the dictionary) and the code of the symbol that follows it. As a new phrase is being established in the world of accumulated symbols, it is also entered into the dictionary, as it is short. As a result, a recursive procedure is established that ensures the code and decode is secure.
The additional possibility of compression is safe from squeezing the coding of characters that are repeated. If in the sequence of acts the symbols follow the past (for example, the text may have the symbols "break", in the numerical sequence - zero, sho past, and so on), then it is possible to replace them with a pair of "symbol; dozhina" or "sign , dozhina ". For the first one, in the code, a sign is indicated that the sequence will be encoded (sound 1 bit), then the code for the character that repeats, and the sequence of the sequence. In another way (for symbols, which are most often used), the prefix has just a sign of repetitions.
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Abo photographic latitude photographic material - the value of the maximum and minimum exposure values, which can be correctly fixed on the picture. Hundreds of digital photographs, the dynamic range is actually equivalent to the maximum and minimum possible values of the core electrical signal that is generated by the photosensor during the exposure.
The dynamic range is reduced in the exposure blocks (). The skin of the feet shows a sub-war of light. So, for example, if the camera has a dynamic range of 8 EV, then it means that the maximum value of the core signal of the matrix can be brought up to the minimum value of 2 8: 1, which means that the camera is capable of fixing objects in the boundaries of one frame, in terms of sciatica, less than 256 times. More precisely, you can take a picture of an object with a clear clarity, a prote object whose clarity will exceed the maximum allowable value will appear blindly white on the picture, and objects whose clarity will appear lower than the minimum value will be black. The details of that texture will be remembered only on quiet objects, the clarity of which is invested in the dynamic range of the camera.
In order to describe the vision between the most light and the darkest of the objects that are known, the not entirely correct term “the dynamic range of the scene” is often used. It’s more correct to say about the range of brightness or about the contrast ratio, but the dynamic range shards - don’t sound the characteristic of the imaging device (for this type of matrix of a digital camera).
It's a pity that the range of rich richness of beautiful scenes, with which we stick in real life, can significantly outweigh the dynamic range of a digital camera. In such situations, the photographer becomes embarrassed, as if objects can be handled in all the details, and if you can leave the pose with a dynamic range without a problem for a creative idea. In order to maximize the efficiency of the dynamic range of your camera, you may sometimes need to understand the principle of the photosensor's work, as if it were an artistic sensibility.
Chinniks, scho obmezhuyut dynamic range
The lower boundary of the dynamic range is set equal to the wet noise of the photosensor. An unlit matrix generates a background electrical signal, which is called dark noise. Also, the transfer is blamed when transferring the charge to an analog-to-digital converter, the same ADC is added to the signal that is digitized, it’s a big mistake - sov. sampling noise.
As if the image was captured by the outer dark or with a cover on the lens, the camera recorded only this stupid noise. If you allow the minimum amount of light to be spent on the sensor, photodiodes can start accumulating electric charge. Expanding the charge, then, and the intensity of the core signal, will be proportional to the number of captured photons. If only a little understanding of the details appeared on the sign, it is necessary that the value of the core signal outweigh the value of the background noise.
Thus, the lower limit of the dynamic range, otherwise, apparently, the sensitivity threshold of the sensor can formally be assigned as equal to the output signal, when the signal/noise ratio is greater than one.
The upper boundary of the dynamic range is determined by the capacity of the surrounding photodiode. As soon as the photodiode accumulates an electric charge of a boundary value for itself, then the image pixel, which shows the overwhelmed photodiode of the image, is absolutely white, and further away, it’s not in any way in line with it. This phenomenon is called clipping. The greater the change of the building of the photodiode, the greater the signal of the building's date on the way out, the first lower the reach of the maximum.
For greater accuracy, we move up to the characteristic curve, as a graph of the fallow of the output signal from the exposure. On the horizontal axis, two logarithm of the value of the electrical signal generated by the sensor is shown, and on the vertical axis, the two logarithm of the magnitude of the electrical signal generated by the sensor is shown. My little one is a significant world of intelligence and may be exclusively illustrative. The characteristic curve of the right photosensor is more foldable, and the noise level is rarely higher.
The graph clearly shows two critical turning points: the first line of the core signal has a noise threshold, and the other, the photodiode, reaches its peak. Exposure value, which lies between two points, and sets the dynamic range. Which abstract application has the best, no matter how important it is, 5 EV, that's it. the camera is able to digest five sub-exposures, which is equal to 32-fold (2 5 = 32) difference in brightness.
Exposition zone, which will create a dynamic range of nerves. The upper zones are exposed to higher signal/noise settings, and therefore look cleaner and more detailed, the lower ones. As a result, the upper boundary between the dynamic range is more speech and visual - clipping cut off the light at the smallest overtone, as well as the lower boundary between the unremarkable rank of tone in the noises, and the transition to the black color is far from being so sharp, like it is white.
Linear staleness of the signal from the exposure, as well as a sharp emergence of the plateau with unique rices of the digital photographic process itself. For comparison, take a look at the characteristic characteristic curve of traditional photothermal heating.
The shape of the curve and, especially, the smut is heavily deposited depending on the type of smelting and, having zazhad, in the procedure її show, but the smut is still unmistakable, the visibility of the smelting graph in the form of a digital one is the non-linear nature of the deposit of the optical width of the smelting in the size of the exposure.
The lower boundary of the photographic latitude of the negative lens is assigned to the width of the veil, and the upper one - to the maximum optical reach of the photoball; at wrapping plіvok - navpak. Like in shadows, so in lights, smooth curves of the characteristic curve are observed, which indicate a drop in contrast when approached to the inter-dynamic range, even if the curve of the proportional contrast ratio of the image is thin. Thus, the exposition zones, which lie in the middle part of the graph, have the maximum contrast, while at the same time, in light and shadows, the contrast of reductions. In practice, the difference between the light and the digital matrix is especially good commemorated in the lights: there, in the digital image, the light is shimmering with clipping, on the swimmer the details are still commemorative, although low-contrast, and the transition is smooth to a purely white color in the tag.
There are two independent terms in sensitometry: photographic latitude, surrounded by a linear plot of the characteristic curve, that photographic latitude, which includes the crim of the linear section as well as the basis of that shoulder of the graph.
It is noteworthy that when processing digital photographs, as a rule, there is more less pronounced S-like curve before them, which increases the contrast in pivtones at the cost of even lowering in shadows and light, which makes the digital image more natural looking.
Discharge
On the view of the matrix of a digital camera to the human eye of power, let's say, a logarithmic look at the world. The last few years of the war, the number of light, are accepted by us as equal changes in brightness. Light numbers can be aligned with musical octaves, even if the frequency change is heard by the ear as a single musical interval. Behind this principle, other organs are pochuttiv. The non-linear nature of spontaneity further expands the range of human sensitivity to sub-series of different intensity.
When converting a RAW-file (not important - by the camera or in a RAW-converter), in order to avenge the linear data, the so-called sound is automatically blocked until the new one. the gamma curve, which is called non-linearly enhances the clarity of the digital image, bringing it to the peculiarities of the human mind.
With a linear conversion, the image comes out too dark.
After gamma-correction, brightness returns to normal.
The gamma-curve of the heat spreads out the dark tones and squeezes the light, the roblyachi rose the gradation evenly. As a result, the image takes on a natural look, but the noise and discretization artifacts in the shadows will inevitably become memorable, which is only strengthened by a small amount of evenness in the lower zones.
Linear rozpodіl gradation yaskravostі.
Rivnomirny rozpodіl after zastosuvannya gamma curve.
ISO and dynamic range
Nevozhenyuyi on those who are in digital photographer to whitelist Ta M concept of Svіtlocytivosti Photosaterіalu, Scho at the photographer, Schu, Sch_d Rosumіti, Scho Vіdbuvyuyu, Vuschically through Traditzia, osskilki oskіlki to Zmіni Svіtlocytivosti in the digital instrument.
Raising the sensitivity of ISO in traditional photography means replacing one spit with more grain, that is. there is an objective change in the authority of the photographic material itself. In a digital camera, the light sensitivity of the sensor is simply set by its physical characteristics and can be literally changed. When the ISO is raised, the camera does not change the real sensitivity of the sensor, but rather strengthens the electrical signal that is generated by the sensor in order to revise and correct the algorithm for digitizing the signal.
It is important to note that the reduction in effective dynamic range is proportional to the increase in ISO, even though noise is increased from the background signal. While at ISO 100 the entire range of signal values is digitized - from zero to the point of saturation, then at ISO 200 half the photodiode capacity is taken as the maximum. From the skin under the sensitivity of the ISO, the upper step of the dynamic range seems to be visible, and the ones that are left out are lifted up in the middle. To this very fact, the higher supratemporal values of ISO have been spared a practical difference. With the same success, you can display the photo in a RAW converter and take off the equalization of the noise. The difference between the ISO and the piece illumination of the sign is due to the fact that when the ISO is increased, the signal is strengthened until it is in the ADC, which means that the quantization noise is not reduced; zokrema and pardon ADC. In addition, changing the digitizing range means more accurate discretization of the value of the input signal that is missing.
Before speech, it is available on some devices to lower the ISO lower than the base value (for example, to ISO 50), but it does not expand the dynamic range, but simply attenuates the video signal, which equally darkens the image in the RAW converter. This function can be seen as a shkidlivu, shards of sub-minimum ISO value, provoking the camera to an increased exposure, which, in case of a permanent damage to the sensor, increases the risk of removing clipping from the lights.
Reference value of dynamic range
There are a number of programs for kshtalt (DxO Analyzer, Imatest, RawDigger etc.) that allow you to control the dynamic range of a digital camera in your home minds. In principle, in no great need, data sheets for most cameras can be found on the Internet, for example, on the site DxOMark.com.
Chi varto vіriti the results of such trials? Tsіlkom. For this reason, there are no more warnings that these tests indicate an effective chi, as we can say, a technical dynamic range, that is. vіdnoshennia mіzh equal to the saturation and equal to the noise of the matrix. For a photographer, we have an important dynamic range in front of us, that is. The number of exposition zones, as a matter of fact, allows to display some basic information.
As a reminder, the threshold for the dynamic range of tasks is equal to the noise of the photosensor. The problem is that, in practice, the lower zones, which formally already enter the dynamic range, still avenge too much noise, so that they can beat them. Here it is rich to lie down due to individual giddiness - a pleasant riven to the noise of the skin is made for itself.
My subjective thought is that the details in the shadows begin to look more or less decently at a signal / noise ratio of at least eight. On this basis, I assign for myself the correct dynamic range as a technical dynamic range minus approximately three steps.
For example, if a mirror camera is rated according to the results of reliable tests, it can have a dynamic range of 13 EV, which is not bad for today's worlds, then the same color dynamic range can be added to close to 10 EV, which, by the way, is not bad either. Understandably, I'm talking about shooting RAW, with a minimum ISO and maximum size. When changing in JPEG, the dynamic range should be left to improve the contrast, and in the middle, there are two or three steps.
For matching: color photo plaits, which wrap around, make a photographic latitude in 5-6 steps; black-and-white negative splashes give 9-10 steps with standard procedures to show that other, and with singing manipulations - up to 16-18 steps.
Subsuming what has been said, let's try to formulate a sprat simple rules Here are some tips to help you get the most out of your camera's sensor:
- The dynamic range of a digital camera is only available when shooting in RAW.
- The dynamic range changes with increasing lightness, so unique high ISO values, as there is no need for them.
- The higher bitness for RAW-files does not increase the dynamic range, but rather improves the tonal depth in shadows for a larger amount of brightness.
- exposure to the right. The upper zones of the exposition should cover the maximum of core information with a minimum of noise and due to victorious performance. If you don’t want to forget about the safety of clipping - pixels, as if they have reached the point, they are absolutely marvelous.
First smut: do not worry about the dynamic range of your camera. With a dynamic range, she has everything. Your vminnya bachiti is light and competently cheruvati exposition - much more important. A good photographer will not be afraid of a lack of photographic breadth, but will try to get more comfortable lighting, or change the angle, or speed up with a spalach, in a word, diatima, it’s possible to furnish. I'll tell you more: some scenes are less likely to play through those that do not fit into the dynamic range of the camera. Often, the incomparable diversity of details is simply necessary to blend into an abstract black silhouette, which makes photographs look laconic and rich at the same time.
The high contrast is really bad - you just need to take care of it. Learn how to exploit a small share of possession just like that, and you grow as far as your creativity can expand.
For respect!
Vasyl O.
post scriptum
As the article appeared for you to be corny and familiar, you can kindly support the project by making a contribution to it. Well, well, the article was not worthy of you, but if you have thoughts about those, how to work it better, your criticism will be accepted with no less dichotomy.
Do not forget that this article is subject to copyright. This quotation is admissible for the obviousness of a fiery message on the pershogerelo, moreover, the text, which is victorious, is not guilty of the same rank of spooforyuvatisya or modified.
Another part of the cycle is dedicated to the optimization function of the dynamic range of the image. We have rozpovimo, we need similar solutions, we look at different options for their implementation, as well as their advantages and shortcomings.
touch it untouchable
Ideally, the camera is responsible for fixing the image of the necessary light in such a way that a person captures it. However, through those mechanisms of the “hole” of the camera of the human eye, it is quite different, and the margin is low, which does not allow the viscount to Umov.
One of the problems, with which the coristuvachs of plіvkovy cameras were sticking together and the digital cameras are sticking together at once, are impossibility to adequately fix the scene with a great difference in illumination without any special attachments and / or special methods of shooting. The peculiarities of the human vision apparatus allow, however, to capture the details of high-contrast scenes both on brightly illuminated and dark plots. Unfortunately, the camera sensor is far from being able to take a picture of the image in such a way, like a bachimo yogo mi.
The greater the difference in brightness on the stage that is being photographed, the greater the ability to spend details in the lights and/or shadows. As a result, the replacement of the black sky with dark glooms is less likely to appear on the picture than a bright flame, and the roaming in the shadows of the objects transforms into invisibly dark silhouettes, or, moreover, they are angry with the superfluous sharpening.
In classic photography, for assessing the ability of a camera (otherwise it is worn by different smelting cameras), it is possible to convey the singing range of clarity photographic latitude(Report div. vrіzanny). Theoretically, the photographic breadth of digital cameras depends on the size of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). For example, when an 8-bit ADC freezes, the quantization error is fixed, theoretically the real value of the photographic latitude becomes 7 EV, for a 12-bit ADC - 11 EV just. However, real outbuildings image dynamic range appears at Well the theoretical maximum of the inflow of various types of noise and other factors.
The great difference in jealousy and seriousness
problem pіd hour zyomki. In this range of possibilities of the camera
insufficient for adequate transmission of the most
bright areas of the stage, and as a result
of the sky (assigned to the circles) veyshla bіla "latka"
The maximum value of brightness, as a result of fixing the light sensitive sensor, is determined by the value of the middle value. The minimum value of the deposit depends on the number of factors, among them - the value of the thermal noise of the matrix, the noise of the charge transfer and the ADC error.
Varto also means that the photographic latitude of one and the same digital camera can change in the fall due to the value of sensitivity set in the settings. The maximum dynamic range is reached when the so-called basic sensitivity is set (which matches the minimum numerical value as possible). In a world with an increase in the value of this parameter, the dynamic range changes due to the increasing level of noise.
Photographic breadth of current models of digital cameras equipped with sensors great expansion and 14 or 16-bit ADCs, to become 9 to 11 EV, which is significantly larger in pairs with similar characteristics of color negative 35-millimeter format (average 4 to 5 EV). In this way, to bring in reasonably inexpensive digital cameras may have a photographic breadth sufficient for adequate transmission of more typical plots in an amateur shooting.
However, there is another problem. It is tied up with interchanges that are superimposed by standards for recording digital images. Using the JPEG format with a bit depth of 8 bits per color channel (which has become the de facto standard for recording digital images in the computer industry and digital technology), it is theoretically impossible to save a sign that the photographic latitude is over 8 EV.
Let's say that the ADC of the camera allows you to capture an image size of 12 or 14 bits, so that you can remove the commemorative details both in the light and in the shadows. However, even though the photographic breadth of this image shifts 8 EV, then in the process of converting to a standard 8-bit format without any additional changes (that’s just a way to clear the “curved” discharges), a part of the information captured by a light-sensitive sensor will be ruined.
Dynamic range and photographic latitude To put it simply, the dynamic range is defined as the ratio of the maximum value of the brightness of the image to the minimum value. In classical photography, the term photographic latitude is traditionally victorious, which, in essence, means the same. The width of the dynamic range can be seen from the perspective (for example, 1000:1, 2500:1 thinly), the most common for which is the logarithmic scale. In this way, the value of the tenth logarithm of the increase in the maximum brightness to the minimum value is calculated, and after the number the letter D is put large (in English density? - abbreviation OD (from English optical density? - Optical density). For example, in order to increase the maximum value of radiance to the minimum value, I would set it to 1000:1, then the dynamic range would be equal to 3.0 D: To improve the photographic breadth, call out the ranks of exposure units, which are denoted by the abbreviation EV (in English exposure values; maistri are often called "stops" or "steps"). The value of the exposure compensation in the settings of the camera will be displayed in these units. The increase in the value of photographic latitude by 1 EV is equivalent to the difference between the maximum and minimum levels of brightness. Such a rank, EV scales так logarithmium, ale for roses of numerics The value of the Vipadka is stored with a logarithm of the base 2. Farrel, Yakscho Be-Yakyki Szobryin, Virodsya Fіxatsії zobryny, Vizyatsya Major Major Major photographic latitude set to 8 EV: |
Stisnennya - a reasonable compromise
The most efficient way to save full obligation information about the image, captured by the camera's light sensitive sensor, RAW format. However, the function is far from being the same for all cameras, that skin photoamator is ready to do a little work with a selection of individual adjustments for a skin broken image.
Dwellers zniziti ymovіrnіst vtrati parts visokokontrastnih znіmkіv scho peretvoryuyutsya vseredinі camera in 8-bіtny JPEG, in aparata bagatoh virobnikіv (not tіlki compactness and nd Dzerkalne) boule vprovadzhenі spetsіalnі funktsії scho dozvolyayut without vtruchannya koristuvacha stiskati dinamіchny dіapazon still images scho zberіgayutsya. For rakhunok znizhennya zagalnogo rozmaїttya that vtrati neznachnoї Chastain Informácie vihіdnogo image podіbnі rіshennya dozvolyayut zberegti 8-bіtnomu formatі JPEG detalі in svіtlah i tіnyah, zafіksovanі svіtlochutlivim sensor aparata, navіt have to vipadku, Yakscho dinamіchny dіapazon vihіdnogo image viyavivsya Shirshov 8 EV.
One of the pioneers in mastering it directly was the HP company. In vipuschenіy in 2003 rotsі tsifrovіy fotokamerі HP Photosmart 945 has been viewed Vpershe in svіtі realіzovana tehnologіya HP Adaptive Lightling, scho dozvolyaє automatic and kompensuvati nestachu osvіtlenostі the dark area znіmkіv i so rank zberіgati detalі in tіnyah without riziku pereeksponuvannya (scho Duzhe relevant pid hour zyomki visokokontrastnih scenes) . The HP Adaptive Lightling robotic algorithm is based on the principles laid down by the English scientist Edwin Land in the RETINEX theory of human susceptibility.
HP Adaptive Lighting Feature Menu
How does the Adaptive Lighting function work? After taking the 12-bit image image from the new image, it is extracted additionally to a monochrome image, which is actually a lightness map. When the image is processed, the card appears like a mask, which allows you to adjust the steps to add a folding digital filter to the image. In such a rank, on the plots, which show the most dark points of the map, pouring the minimum onto the image of the future sign, and navpaki. This image allows you to show the details in the shadows for the light of the selective illumination of these areas and reduce the overall contrast of the resulting image.
The next time you set the next time the Adaptive Lighting function will be activated, the image will be processed by the description above before it, as soon as the image is ready to be written to the file. All described operations are displayed automatically, and you can select one of the two modes in the camera menu in the Adaptive Lighting robot (low high rіven vplyu) or turn off this function.
In addition, a lot of specific functions of today's digital cameras (screens and looked at the front of the OS recognition system) are a kind of secondary conversion products of scientific research work, like the back of the head for military successors. As for the function of optimizing the dynamic range of the image, one of the most important suppliers of such solutions is the company Apical. Algorithms created by spivrobitnikami, zokrema, form the basis of the SAT (Shadow Adjustment Technology) robotic function, implemented in the lower models of Olympus digital cameras. Briefly, the SAT function can be described as follows: based on the image of the image, a mask is created that suits the most dark plots, and then for these areas an automatic correction of the exposure value is carried out.
The license for the right to distribute Apical was awarded by Sony. A lot of models of compact cameras of the Cyber-shot series and mirror cameras of the Alpha series are implemented with the so-called dynamic range optimization function (Dynamic Range Optimizer, DRO).
Photographs taken with the HP Photosmart R927 camera with muted (upside down)
with the activated Adaptive Lighting function
The correction of the image at the start of the DRO activation is consummated during the process of the initial processing of the image (before recording finished file JPEG format). The basic version of DRO has a two-stage setting (from the menu, you can choose the standard or the expansion mode of operation). When choosing the standard mode, based on the analysis of the image image, the exposure value is corrected, and then the tone curve is fixed until the image is taken to improve the overall balance. The expanded mode uses a folding algorithm that allows you to correct both in shadows and in lights.
Sony retailers are constantly working on improvements to the DRO robot algorithm. For example, in the mirror camera A700, with the activation of the DRO mode inserted, the possibility of choosing one of five correction options was transferred. In addition, it is possible to save up to three options for one image (a kind of bracketing) with different options for adjusting DRO.
Many models of Nikon digital cameras have the D-Lighting function, which is also based on the Apical algorithms. True, according to the descriptions above, D-Lighting is implemented in a visual filter for the processing of earlier savings for an additional tonal curve, the form of which allows the generation of dark lights, saving in an unfamiliar appearance the day. But the shards in this way are already ready for 8-bit images (and not the original image of the frame, which may have a larger height and a wider dynamic range), the possibility of D-Lighting is already improved. Otrimati such a result of the coristuvach can be done by processing the image in a graphic editor.
When the larger fragments are divided, it is clearly visible that the dark plots of the outward sign (levoruch)
when the Adaptive Lighting function is turned on, they become bright
The first row of decisions that are based on other ambushes. So, for many cameras of the Lumix family of the Panasonic company (Zokrema, DMC-FX35, DMC-TZ4, DMC-TZ5, DMC-FS20, DMC-FZ18 and so on.) cheruvannya zjomkoyu iA. The work of the Intelligent Exposure function is based on the automatic analysis of the image of the frame and the correction of dark areas of the picture, to reduce details in shadows, and also (for consumption) squeezing the dynamic range of high-contrast scenes.
In a number of modes of the robot, the functions of optimizing the dynamic range transfer not only the first operations of processing the visual image of the image, but also the correction of the correction of the image. For example, the new models of Fujifilm digital cameras (zocrema, FinePix S100FS) have the function of expanding the dynamic range (Wide Dynamic Range, WDR), which allows, for the data of retailers, to increase the photographic latitude by one or two steps (in terms of terminology, it is 200 400%).
When the WDR function is activated, the camera takes pictures with an exposure adjustment of -1 or -2 EV (depending on the selected setting). In this manner, the image of the frame to appear unanimous is necessary in order to save maximum information about the details of the lights. Then, the image is taken away, followed by an additional crooked tone, which allows you to sharpen the deep balance and adjust the black rhinestone. Once the image is converted to 8-bit format, it is written as a JPEG file.
Squeezing the dynamic range allows you to save more details
in the light and shadows, prote the inevitable result of such a splash
є lowering the overall contrast. On the bottom image
the texture of the gloomy, prote
through the lower contrast of this image option
looks less natural
Such a function under the name Dynamic Range Enlargement is implemented in the lower compact and mirror cameras of the Pentax company (Optio S12, K200D and others.). For the recorder’s sake, the inclusion of the Dynamic Range Enlargement function allows you to increase the photographic latitude by 1 EV without losing details in light and darkness.
The function, which is of similar rank, under the name Highlight tone priority (HTP), is implemented in a number of Canon mirror models (EOS 40D, EOS 450D and other). Based on the information given in the helper of the koristuvach, the activation of HTP allows you to improve the details of the lights (more precisely, in the range of equals from 0 to 18% grey).
Visnovok
Let's bring the bags. The function of squeezing the dynamic range has been introduced, which allows, with a minimum amount of confusion, to convert a large dynamic range image into an 8-bit JPEG file. Because of the frame saving function in RAW format, the dynamic range suppression mode gives the photographer the opportunity to increase the camera's potential for capturing high-contrast scenes.
Zrozumіlo, it is necessary to remember those who squeeze the dynamic range - not a miraculous zasib, but rather a compromise. For the preservation of details in the light and / or shadows, one has to cry for more noise on the dark plots of the picture, a decrease in contrast ratio and some roughness of smooth tonal transitions.
Yak i be-yaka automatic function, Algorithm for squeezing the dynamic range is not the same as universal solutions in the world, which allows polypshity absolutely be a sign. And then, activate yoga maє sense less in quiet moods, if wine is rightly needed. For example, in order to capture the silhouette with a well-handled background, it is necessary to turn on the function of squeezing the dynamic range - otherwise an effective plot will be hopelessly zipped.
Concluding the review by those, it should be noted that the stoppage of the functions of squeezing the dynamic range allows "drawing" on the resulting image detail, as if it were fixed by the sensor of the camera. For the reverse result of the zyomtsi viscocontrase svetvіv needless Vicerovyvati Dodatkovі attached (Raddatnі FіттRI for photographervnya landscape) Abo Spetsіalnі Priomy (Ski Zyomka Kіlkokh Kardrіv zkstsimov bracketing і away із із ї ї і іс Technology Tone mapping).
The next article will be dedicated to the functions of a serial loan.
Dali be
People are drowned in homely sounds demonstrating the cicada paradox. The stench is ready to shovel the room of listening, to arrange the columns with exotic vipprominuvachs, and all the same znіyakovіlo to step in front of the musical canned food, starting for the first time in front of the chervonim ensign. And vlasne, why can’t you stand up for the ensign, and try to cook the real thing from canned goods?
Periodically on the forums, the question is blamed: "Please make good recordings of albums." Vono understood. Special audiophile visions will please the ear of the first whistle, but until the end, no one has heard of them, and the repertoire has become overwhelmed. As far as the music library is concerned, the problem is obvious. You can zaoschadzhuvati, but you can not zaoschadzhuvati and vbuhati a lot of pennies from the components. All the same, few people deserve to hear their beloved music at a high pitch and the ability of a sublime person is not up to it.
Today's Hi-Res albums have peaks with phonograms and the volume is driven out by clipping. It is important that you listen more to music on whatever junk, and that needs to “piddat gas”, work your own kind of subtlety.
Zrozumіlo, it’s not special to try to embarrass the audiophiles. Few people think about them. Axis xіba sho guessed zbagruvaty їm master files, from which the main circulation is copied - CDs, MP3 and more. Apparently, the master has been flattened by the compressor for a long time, nothing seems to be prepared for special versions for HD Tracks. Heba scho vykonuetsya sevna procedure for vinyl wear, which for reasons to sound more humane. And for the digital way, everything will end the same way - with the great compressor.
Also, in this day and age, all 100% of the phonograms that you see, for violating classical music, are compressed during mastering. Somebody wins this procedure more or less nicely, and some people call it in a bad way. As a result, we may have pilgrims on the forums with the linear DR plug-in in my bosom, it hurts to see, I will leak to wine, I need to mine pershopresy.
Most of the frozen ones, having played all these inconsistencies, literally pretended to be audio-satanists. Without zhartіv stink to read the sound engineer's sacred writings backwards! Current programs editing the sound may be a kind of tool for revitalizing the sound whistle that clipping has known.
On the other hand, this functionality was assigned to studios. When mixing, there are situations, if you have spent clipping on the recording, and it is already impossible to rebuild the session for low reasons, and then the audio editor's arsenal comes to the rescue - a declipper, a decompressor.
The І axis is already up to similar software, everything is more daring to pull the handles of the zvichaynі hearing, in some places there are blood from the vuh after the black novelty. Sometime you need iZotope, some Adobe Audition, some other operations between the programs. The sense of reinforcing the huge dynamics of the field in the software corrected the clipped peaks of the signal, yaki, resting on 0 dB, guess the gear.
So, about 100% recovery of the output is not to be found, shards may be possible for the process of interpolation to be done with smart algorithms. Ale deyakі the results of the processing were given to me by the cіkavim and hіdnimi vyvchennya.
For example, Lani Del Rey's album "Lust For Life", which is steadily rotten swearing, thu, sho swearing! In the original song "When the World Was at War We Kept Dancing" it was like this.
And after low declippers and decompressors it became the axis like that. The DR coefficient has changed from 5 to 9.
I can’t say that the method is universal and adjunct for all the destroyed albums, but in this case, I’ve decided to preserve the very option in the collection, the updates by the activist of the rutracker, the replacement of the official record in 24 bits.
You can’t turn it off like a piece of picking up sound stuffing, I’ll handle the dynamics of a musical vicon, your DAC is all the same. It was so important for Aja Yomu to pardon without pardons on the border lines, how great is the opportunity of vindication of such titles of inter-sample peaks (ISP). And now, up to 0 dB, there is no more redundant flashes to the signal. In addition, the phonogram went silent when FLAC was pressed, otherwise the other lossless codec will now be smaller beyond the scope. More "recovery" at the signal for a free space for hard drive.
Try to get your most hated albums beaten on "warfare". For a headroom of dynamics, you need to change the track level by -6 dB, and then start the declipper. Those who don't believe computers can simply build in between a CD player and a powerful studio expander. Tsey Priya as a matter of fact, we are engaged in it ourselves - as we can see and win the peaks of the audio signal squeezed behind the dynamics. Building similar outbuildings from the 80-90s can’t be said more expensive, and as an experiment, trying them out will be more expensive.
The dynamic range controller DBX 3BX processes the okremo signal in three smugs - LF, MF and HF If the equalizers were an intelligent component of the audio system, they were not afraid of anything. Today it is not necessary to clear the blockage high frequencies a magnetic line, but with a conciliatory dynamic, you need to vibrate, brothers.
