Antipyretic remedies for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are situations of indispensable help in case of likhomantsi, if the child needs to give faces negligently. Then the fathers take on themselves the resuscitation and zastosovuyut antipyretic preparations. What is allowed to give to children of the chest? How can you lower the temperature in older children? What are the most safe faces?
information
Features of space-hours
ZV'YAZKU POKAZNIKIV
Rich Factor DYNAMIC MODELS
Bagatofaktornі dynamіchnі modelі linkage of indicators will be space-timchasovy vibirkah, Yaki represent impersonal data about the meanings, a sign of the totality of objects for a number of periods (moments) of an hour.
expanses of vibrating they are formed by a path of association for a number of periods (periods) of spacious vibes, so that the totality of objects, which can be seen until the same periods of time. Victorious in the times of small victories, tobto short history development of the object.
dynamic vibes utvoryuyutsya for help uniting dynamic rows of other objects in different trivalo prehistory, Tobto great selections.
The classification of methods for molding vibrocks is smart, so to lie down according to the method of modeling, according to the stability of the revealed regularities, according to the degree of uniformity of objects, according to the number of factors. Most of the vipadkіv prevail over the first method.
Dynamic rows with a trivial history are looked at as rows, on the basis of which it is possible to build models of interrelationship of indicators in various objects to achieve high clarity.
dynamic model link indications can be:
· Spacious, to model the connection of indications for all objects that are seen in singing moment(interval hour;
· Dynamic, like buduyuyutsya for the succession of the implementation of one object for all periods (moments) of the hour;
· Spacious and dynamic, as they are formed on all objects for all periods (moments) of an hour.
dynamics models indicators are grouped according to the following types:
1) one-dimensional models of dynamics: they are characterized as a model of the actual indicator of a given object;
2) rich models of the dynamics of one object: model a sprat of indicators of an object;
3) rich models of the dynamics of the totality of objects : model a spate of indicators in the system of objects.
Apparently, the models are tied together for spacious extrapolation(For predicting the value of effective indicators of new objects for the values of factor signs), dynamics models - for dynamic extrapolation(For forecasting fallow changes).
You can see the main task of choosing space-time information.
1. At the time of a short history: the manifestation of spacious links between indicators, so that the structure of links between objects is developed to improve the accuracy and reliability of the modeling of these regularities.
2. In times of history: approximation of patterns of change in indications with a method of explaining their behavior and predicting possible positions.
Appointment. Under the dynamic system, it is understood that there is an object at the time of the hour tT in one of the possible stations Z and the building will move in hours from one station to the next day for the most important and internal reasons.
A dynamic system as a mathematical object can be avenged in its description of such mechanisms:
- - a description of the changes in the state of affairs due to internal causes (without the introduction of the external environment);
- - description of the received input signal and change it to the next signal (the model looks like a transition function);
- - description of the formation of the output signal or the reaction of the dynamic system to the internal and external causes of the change in the stations (the model looks like the output function).
Arguments for input and output signals of the system can be an hour, space coordinates, as well as changes, victories in the transformations of Laplace, Four's and others.
In the simplest way, the system operator transforms the vector function X (t) into the vector function Y (t). Models of this type are called dynamic (timchas).
dynamic models be divided into stationary, if the structure and power of the operator W (t) do not change from hour to hour, and non-stationary.
The reaction of a stationary system to any signal to deposit only in the interval of an hour between the moment of the cob of the input fouling and the given moment of the hour. The process of converting input signals does not fall due to the timing of input signals in the hour.
The reaction of a non-stationary system to deposit both in the flow hour, and in the moment of application of the input signal. In this case, with the sound of the input signal at the hour (without changing its form), the output signals do not only sound at the hour, but also change the shape.
Dynamic models are divided into models of non-inertia and inertia (models with zapiznennyam) systems.
Inertia-free models are suitable for systems in which the operator W indicates the occurrence of input values in input values at the same time - y = W (X, t).
In inertial systems, the values of the external parameters lie not only in the right, but in the forward values of the changes
Y \u003d W (Z, XT, XT-1, ..., XT-k).
Inertial models are also called memory models. The transformation operator can change the parameters, yak it sounds unknown - Y \u003d W (, Z, X), de \u003d (1,2, ..., k) - the vector of parameters.
The most important sign of the structure of the operator is linearity or non-linearity in relation to input signals.
for linear systems always a fair principle of superposition, which is based on the fact that a linear combination of sufficient input signals should be put at the same line combination signals at the output of the system
Mathematical model with victories line operator can be written in the view Y = WH.
Since Umov (2.1) does not win, the model is called non-linear.
The dynamic models are classified appropriately before the mathematical operations are victorious in the operators. It is possible to see: algebraic, functional (type of integrand of a bunch), differential, sonic-retail models and other.
The one-way model is called such, for which the input signal, and the output at the same time, are scalar values.
Depending on the size of the parameter, the model is subdivided into one- and rich-parameters. The classification of models can also be carried out in the fallow period depending on the type of input and output signals.
There is a model that seems to be and will be between itself two, at first glance, one is far away from the same description of a person - psychophysical and transpersonal. The model tsya may have a rich history and rely on a deep past and practical information, which is transmitted without interruption from the Teacher to the Education. My Tradition, representatives of which are the authors of this book, the model is called Volumetrically - Prostorova Model, (Yaka repeatedly guessed already in the first divisions). Є deyakі parallels Volumetrically - Spacious Models with other ancient descriptions of people (the system of Chakras - "thin" tіl; "energy centers" - "planіv svіdomosti" and іn.). It’s a pity that these models are seriously studied at once, in greater vipadkiv, it is promoted by the expanded vulgar statements about chakras, as if they were spacious and localized, but about “thin” bodies, like about their own “mattroshtsi”, which fold invisibly the eye of essences. The authors seem to have less than a share of a small number of daily reliable meals [div., Napriklad, Yoga No. 20 "Food slanderous theory Chakra "St. Petersburg 1994.]
The situation that has evolved is utterly invisible: critically thinking fahіvtsі nalashtovanі to the model of Chakras and "thin" bodies skeptically, and other (sometimes disrespectfully refer to trivalium by a psychologist or a psychotherapist) stand in one row with the house-givers (not in the image of їm it will be said), yakі vіdvіduyut course "psychic", and popovnyuyut army of legends about chakri and "tіla", yakі rozpovsyudzhuyuyutsya popular brochures. On the right, walk up to the comic turn. So, one of the authors of this book had a chance to be present at a psychological training, with elements of "esotericism", to give an authoritative leader giving approximately the following instruction to one right: "... And now, with your ethereal hand, put" yakir "Directly the clients into the lower Chakra...", which most of the present people tried with enthusiasm to try it (for sure, not far, lower in their own way).
Farther away, we will not make Chakri and Tila, but we will be currying with my Obsyagiv and expanses. Not a trace, however, to carry out an unambiguous distinction between Obsyagami and chakri, Spaces and Tila; no matter how similar they are, the models are changing; excellence, in its own right, is due not to a claim to greater or lesser correctness, but to success for this Practice, as we imagine on the sides of this book.
Let us turn once more to the appointment Obsyagiv and space, as we were given in chapters 1 and 2:
Otzhe, Obsyagi - not a part of the physical body and not like the localization of the region. Kozhen Obsyag - The integrity of the psychophysical camp, illuminating what makes the deuce (congruence) the continuity of the singing qualities of the body, like a whole. If you speak in an energetic language, then Obsyag is a singing range of energy, which, when focused on the physical world, manifests itself in everyday tissues, organs, parts of the nervous system, etc. For the simplest version, it is possible to know the most characteristic function and function of the skin, as it works in the body. . Thus, the functions of the coccygeal obsyagu can be associated with prosperity, prosperity, generosity, growth, and reproduction .. . For the umbilical obsyagu, the main task (read - the range of energy) is ordering, structuring, managing and linking. And so far. We will still be cіkaviti not specific functions obsyagіv. and the main mechanisms work with them.
Skin experience, be it any kind of agreement, is taken by us more importantly through that other Obsyag. Tse vіdnositsya to be-any kind of dosvіdu - if we want to activate that chi іnsha experience, then we will be destroyed by that chi іnshiy Obsyag and we start to accept the Light "through a new one". A hundred times to psychotherapeutic work - if the therapist turns to any experience of a client: "problematic" or "resourceful", he tries to practice as a "partial specialty", wines, by the same token, focusing on the patient's knowledge in this or that area Obsyagu (before speech, briefly guessed the functions of only the three lower ones about the fact that the focus of respect in the upper ones is really productive - the phenomenon is not transverse - everything is not so simple here, as described in books). Those same can be said to the expanse. Let's guess that Prostora - schemes of spriynyatya, scho reflect equal "thin" spriynyattya. One and the same Obsyag on different equals will manifest itself in its own way, saving its main tasks. So, for example, the Umbilical Obsyag in the Expanse of Podіy manifests itself through a number of situations, in which people can appear, order, manage, etc., in the Expanse of Names - the same Obsyag manifest itself through schematization. modeling, putting in order the thoughts and looking at the world, pobudova plans and so on, in the Expanse, the whole emotional spectrum of the same will be worked out by the authorities.
The volumetric-space model of a human body can be mentally represented by looking at the scheme (Fig. 3.)
Fig.3. Volumetric-Space Model.
On the scheme (Fig. 3.) It is clearly seen that the skin of the Expanse embraces the entire spectrum of energy on the first line of "thinness", the skin of the Obsyag - tse "sector", which one sees the most energetic range of energy.
Otzhe - Volume-Prostorova Model allows to be in People and in the World, as they are accepted, as dynamic energy structures, to see the different levels of energy. In spryyatti tsі yakosі energies manifest themselves through the sing of the day of the most intriguing officials:
physiological processes (mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrodynamic), dynamics of nerve impulses, activation of quiet and other modalities, zabarvlennyam emotsiy i smylennya, poddnanny podіy, intertwined shares; fall into the "evil" minds: geographic, climatic, social, political, historical, cultural ...
Energy flows.
The scheme is shown in Fig.3. gives us an energy model of the human body. From the point of view of the dawn, all the life of a person, as if having manifested, formed a flow of energy, or as a dynamic of self-suspension, one can imagine in the sight of a flurry-pulsation no "visor" on the diagram, where at the skin moment of time those other galuses of the energy spectrum are activated (Fig. .4.).
However, the dynamics of self-sustaining energy and the flow of energy are not so sufficient and resonant for a great person. Іsnuyut oblasts, in some spryyattya, so be moving, fixed and dosit stіyko, deyakі areas of the spectrum are available only for sight and with a special zbіgu of conditions. Іsnuyu areas, practically inaccessible to usvіdmlennya protyazhnogo life (for skin people different: for one person is not available to experience the senses, Іnshey for all life so і not experienced in a right way his body, the third not in zmozі to experience the same way of thinking emotions, podіyok etc.).
The most movable trajectory of movement and fixation of spriynyattya and notification is marked by Dominant. Stєє Proszumіlo, Shah, in order, Schob_dіrtsiy Vіd Tsієї Nibіlsh іimіrnuya Sprottorsії і, Pottika Pozіj Sprinka, Potonbna Jacques Dodatkova Energian I, Scho Nivazhivіsh, Vmіnnya Tychuvati Tsyu Energia in Potr_bno directly, so, the track did not save the stereotype of a stereotype.
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Fig.4. Dynamics of breath in hours.
Cim and explain the presence of importantly accessible and inaccessible ranges for spriynyattya and acknowledgment - sound from a person there is no additional energy; only sometimes it can be vilified as a result of some kind of supernatural, most often stressful, environments that allow you to take refuge in an earlier inaccessible range (such a rapt displacement can be caused before a person has new heights that are inaccessible to the original).
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For a more detailed description of the situation, we need to go back to understand Energy flows. Energopotik - Rukh, the development of a point impulse to spriynyattya in the Volumetric-Space energy system. You can say this: Energopotik is a dynamic expansion of different areas in the Individual Sphere beyond the high energy range (for example, according to one modality).
"Cheering in an uninterrupted dialogue with the Light, a person (I.S.) is practically aware of all the signals that come" calling "in a flurry of energy flows.
Peculiarities of special deformation of I.S. create permanent characteristic individual energy flows. Those that we can see, as a matter of fact, emotions, thoughts, the body’s ruin and the sluggishness of the share, memory, projections of the future, illness, special culture and svetoglyadu - all (and richly іnshoy) the flow of energy flows. "
You can mentally see constructive and destructive energy flows. Constructive Е. - hard, dominating structures. Destructive E. - the dynamics of spriynyattya, which spriyaє vyniknennya new or reinforcing obvious deformations I.S.
For our own part, the dynamics of energy flows, we will call a multifactorial dynamic process, which transfers the adoption of people from one state to another (an example of the dynamics of energy flows in Fig. 5.).
A whole organism can have energy flows, for some wines (organism) it is absolutely clear and penetrating. Dynamics of energy flows can, in such fluctuations, translate spontaneously into any situation. (This is equivalent to what we called the skrіznіm svіdomlennyam in Chapter 1.).
The dynamics of energy flows is a multi-factorial process, which is manifested by seeing a great number of factors (for example, singing sensations, the nature of fluctuations in facial expressions, parameters in voice, quiet chi and other emotions, etc.). The dynamics of energy flows to transfer one station to another (to be more precise - the whole process - the change of stations without interruption) and, apparently, can change as factors and parameters, through which Energy flows are manifested.
Fig.5. An example of the dynamics of energy flows, which translates the spryyattya zі stanu z zhorstko localizovanoї structure (A) in a larger Cіlіsne (D), in the midst of one expanse
If we turn now to psychotherapy, then we know this:
The patient is rebuying in some kind of sprinyattya (which is designated by his Dominant), which, obviously, is not holistically, in his energetics є zhorstko localization of the structure, which does not give the ability to rush spriynyattya in other positions. To get out of such a situation, it is necessary to set Energy Flows that allow you to move to another country, as the patient will be accepted, as more positively. On whom psychotherapy, call, end.
If you marvel at more outrageous positions, then it will appear that no patient, or a patient for a great rahunka, is little surprised by the "ailing". Vіdminnіst only in the fact that "illness" takes its own camp, as uncomfortable, and "healthy" - like more - less comfortable and, maybe buti, there can be more steps of freedom. However, before integrity, there is no chance of any change, to that the camp of "sick" and "healthy" is, as a rule, all the same obmezhenі, localization and are set by the Dominant fixation of spriynyattya.
Tsіlіsnіst transferring possibility independent the task of being energy flows and experiencing the world totally, simultaneously by the whole organism.
Before the models of hourly rows, which characterize the fallowing of the effective change in the hour, one can see:
a) the model of the accumulation of the effective change in the form of a trend component or a trend model;
b) deposit model result. changing in the form of the seasonal component or the model of seasonality;
c) the model of accumulation of effective change in the form of trend and seasonal components or the model of trend and seasonality.
If the economic confirmation reflects the dynamic (to lie in the time factor) interrelationships of the variables included in the model, then the values of such variables are dated and called dynamic or time series. If the economic consolidation reflects the static (which lasts up to one period of time) the mutual interplay of all variables included in the model, then the meanings of such variables are usually called spacious tributes. І consume in їх dated data is not available. The lags are called exogenous or endogenous changes in economic models, dated in advance of the hour and are in line with current changes. Models that include lag changes are considered to be a class of dynamic models. zooming called lag and current exogenous changes, as well as lag endogenous changes
23. Troyandova and space-hours EAT in the planned economy
Statistical warnings in social and economic forecasts should be carried out regularly through time intervals and presented in the form of time series xt, de t = 1, 2, ..., p. for a clear statistical basis, and then the main trends (trends) are extrapolated to tasks at an hourly interval.
Methodology of statistical forecasting transfers and tests various models for the skin hour series, matching them on the basis of statistical criteria and choosing the shortest of them for forecasting.
When modeling seasonal events in statistical studies, two types of coliving are distinguished: multiplicative and additive. In a multiplicative trend, the range of seasonal fluctuations changes in hours in proportion to the trend and is changed in the statistical model by a multiplier. With additive seasonality, it is transferred that the amplitude of seasonal changes is constant and does not lie in line with the trend, but the accumulation itself is represented in the warehouse model.
The basis of the most methods of forecasting is extrapolation, due to the widening of regularities, sv past and present.
The most widely used trends and adaptive methods of forecasting. The middle of the rest can be seen like this, like the method of autoregression, the changing average (Boxing - Jenkins and adaptive filtering), the method of exponential smoothing (Holt, Brown and the exponential average) and in.
To assess the accuracy of the estimated model, the prediction of vicariousness requires a small amount of statistical criteria.
When submitting the totality of the results, the watchfulness of the hourly rows is actually victorious about those who watch out for the magnitude of the deuce rozpodil, the parameters of which and їх change can be assessed. For these parameters (as a rule, for the average value and variance, if you want to new description) You can induce one of the models of imovirnіsnogo submission to the process. For the last imovirnіsnym data, the model looks like a frequency distribution subdivided with parameters pj for the outgoing frequency. j-th interval. In case of any delay of the accepted hour, the change of the subdivision is not recognized, then the solution is accepted on the basis of the actual empirical frequency subdivision.
When forecasting is carried out, it is necessary to take into account all the factors that affect the behavior of the system in the base (longest) and forecast periods, due to the inevitable or change according to the given law. The first type is realized in a one-factor forecast, the other - in a multiple-factor one.
Bagatofaktornі dynamic models owing to vrakhovuvaty expanses and temporal changes of factors (arguments), as well as (if necessary) incorporation of these factors into the fallow change (function). Rich factor forecasting allows you to secure the development of mutual processes and phenomena. The basis of yoga is the systemic pilgrimage until the emergence of a pre-existing phenomenon, as well as the process of understanding the phenomenon, both in the past and in the future.
One of the main problems of the multifactorial forecasting is the problem of the choice of factors that determine the behavior of the system, which cannot be overcome by purely statistical ways, but only for the help of a deep understanding of the nature of the phenomenon. Here there is the primacy of analysis (comprehension) over purely statistical (mathematical) methods of bringing the phenomenon to light. In traditional methods (for example, in the method of least squares), it is important that one is independent of one type of one (by one and the same argument). Really, autocorrelation and її non-perfection lead to non-optimality of statistical estimates, complicating better confidence intervals for regression coefficients, as well as reverification of their significance. Autocorrelation is shown for changes in trends. There may be a place, as if the input of the source factor is not guaranteed, or the lesser number of factors, but the straight lines “in one direction”, or the model is incorrectly selected, which establishes a link between the factors and the function. To reveal the obviousness of autocorrelation, the Durbin-Watson criterion is used. To turn off or change the autocorrelation, the transition to the vertical component (trend faults) is stopped, or the hour is introduced in the multiplier regression in the quality of the argument.
In multi-factorial models, the problem is multicollinearity - the presence of a strong correlation between factors, as it can be based on any fallacy between the function and factors. Having shown, as a factor, multicollinearity, it is possible to determine the nature of interdependence between multicollinearity by elements of impersonality of independent variables.
In multifactorial analysis, it is necessary to evaluate the parameters of the smoothing (last) function in order to induce the prognosis of the skin factor (for other functions or models). Naturally, the values of the factors taken from the experiment in the base period do not change with similar values found from predictive models for the factors. The difference may be explained by the differences, the value of which is determined by the significance of the differences and is guilty of being insured at the same time with the assessment of the parameters of the smoothing function, otherwise the difference is not significant and cannot be predicted in any way. Therefore, in the task of the rich factor forecasting of the vihіdnі znachennі chinnіv, іkіnіnіnіnі zgladzhіє ї functions, they are guilty but taken z vіdpovіdnim pardons, the law of rozpodіlu аlіѕ аlѕо аlѕіnіnії vyznachenіv vіdpovidnym analіzі, scho є є znachennya zgladzhuє functions.
24. The essence and the meaning of EM: structural and roaring
Econometric models are systems of mutual relations, rich in parameters that are determined by methods of statistical processing of data. Until now, over the cordon, in analytical and forecasting purposes, hundreds of econometric systems have been expanded and victorious. Macroconometric models, as a rule, are first presented in natural, modified form, and then in induced, structural form. The natural form of econometric equals allows you to qualify their replacement side, to give an assessment of their economic sense.
In order to induce predictions of endogenous changes, it is necessary to develop in-line endogenous changes in models that look like obvious functions of zooming changes. The rest of the specification, omitted by the path, the inclusion of flood storms, was omitted as a result of mathematical formalization of economic laws. This form of specification is called structural. In the general view in the structural specifics, endogenous changes are not apparent in a clear view through zooming.
In the model of an equally important market, only a change in the proposal is expressed in an obvious way through the zoomed change, so for the presentation of endogenous changes through zooming, it is necessary to visualize the transformation of the structural form. Let's check the system of equalities for the rest of the specification of other endogenous changes.
In this way, the endogenous change in the model is clearly seen through the zoom change. This form of specification took away the name pointed. In an okremomu way, the structural and the form of the model can be expanded. With the correct specification of the model, the transition from the structural to the induced form is always possible, the turning transition is not possible.
The system of sleeping, one-hour equalizations (or the structural form of the model) sounds like a revenge for endogenous and exogenous changes. Endogenous changes were identified in the early guidance of the system of one-hour equalizations like at. These deposits are changed, the number of such deposits is equal to the number of equals in the system. Exogenous changes are indicated by sounding like x. Tse zumovlenі zminnі, scho vplyvayut on endogennі zminnі, but not lie in them.
The simplest structural form of the model can be seen: 
de y - endogenous changes; x - exogenous changes.
Classification of changes into endogenous and exogenous deposits according to the theoretical concept of the adopted model. Economic changes can appear in some models as endogenous, and in others as exogenous changes. Pozaekonomіchnі zminnі (for example, climatic mind) enter the system as exogenous zminnі. As exogenous changes, the values of endogenous changes for the forward period of the hour (lag changes) can be seen.
So, the slowdown of the flow rock (y t) can lie not only in a number of economic officials, but also in the same way in the forward turn (y t-1)
The structural form of the model allows you to add the change of whether exogenous change to the value of endogenous change. Pretty much in the capacity of exogenous changes, such changes are made, as they can be an object of regulation. Changing them and keruyuchi them, you can zazdalegіd mother of the whole value of endogenous changes.
The structural form of the model in the right part is correct for endogenous and exogenous changing coefficients b i і a j, (b i - coefficient for endogenous changes, a j - coefficient for exogenous changes), which are called structural factors of the model. All changes in the model are in vіdkhilenny vіd vіdnya, i.e. Pіd x may be on vіdіnіnі x- (and ріd y - vіdpovіdno y-(. That's the important term in the skin rіvnіnіnі system vіdsutnya.
The choice of OLS for estimating the structural coefficients of the model is given, as it is accepted in theory, to change the structural coefficients of the model; the structural coefficients of the model;
The suggested form of the model is a system of linear functions of endogenous subtypes of exogenous ones: 
Behind its own appearance, the shape of the model is induced in no way in the system of independent equalities, the parameters of which are estimated by traditional OLS. Zastosovuyuchy OLS, you can evaluate δ, and then evaluate the value of endogenous changes through exogenous.
fired up EM(Її blocks)
The model is called static if the inputs and outputs are constant per hour. static model describe steel regime.
The model is called dynamic, because the inputs and outputs change by the hour. dynamic model Describes the non-stealing mode of the work of the completed object.
Doslіdzhennya dynamіchnyh vlastivnosti ob'єkіv allows vіdpovіdno to the fundamental principle of importance of Huygens-Hadamard vіdpovіsti on nutrition: how does the plant of the object change in case of vіdomih inflows on the new and given cob camp.
The butt of the static model is the staleness of technological operations in the form of increased resources. A static model is described by algebraic equations
The butt of the dynamic model is the staleness of the release of commercial products of the enterprise in the form of expansions and terms of capital investments, as well as resources, as they are stained.
The dynamic model is often described differential equals
Rivnyannia pov'yazuє unknown change Y and її trips from the independent mine t and given function hour X(t) and її pokhіdnymi.
A dynamic system can function in a non-stop or discrete, quantized on equal intervals, hour. In the first mode, the system is described by differential equals, and in the other mode, by terminal-retail equals.
As an impersonal input, weekend change and moments in the hour of the end, the system is described end machine.
The end machine is characterized by endless impersonality at the entrance; kіtsevim bezlіchchyu stanіv; end of the impersonality of the internal stations; transition function T(x, q), What is the order of changing the internal stations; exit function P(x, q) set the exit camp in the fallow land at the entrance and the internal camp.
For the purpose of deterministic automata stochastic automatic, Yaki are characterized by the vіrіdnіstyu of transitions from one camp to the next. If the functioning of a dynamic system may be due to the nature of the servicing of applications, then the model of the system will depend on different methods the theory of mass service.
Name the dynamic model stationary, Yakshcho the power of the transformation of the changeable ones does not change with the hour. In a different way її call non-stationary.
separate deterministic and stochastic (imovirnі) Models. The determination operator allows to unambiguously designate the external changes according to the given input changes.
determination models mean less the inviolability of the transformation of the incoming change, Yakі themselves on their own can be both determined and vipadkovymi.
The stochastic operator allows one to determine, according to a given distribution of variables, the input variables and the parameters in the system of distributions of the variables of the input variables.
From the point of view of the incoming and outgoing changing models, they classify in the coming order:
1. Input changes are subject to kerovaniі non-ceramic. The first ones can change to the investigation of the last day and win the object. Other unsuitable for management.
2. In the fallow time, the vectors are divided in the input and output changes odnomirnі i richovimіrnі models. Under a one-world model, we will understand such a model, for which the input and output changes are one-hour scalar quantities. Bagatovimіrnoї naming the model, yakіy vectori x(t) і y(t) Mayut rozmirnіst n³ 2.
3. Models, for which inputs and outputs change without interruption by hour and by value, are called uninterrupted. Models, for which inputs and outputs change discretely either by hour or by magnitude, are called discrete.
It is significant that the dynamics of folding systems is rich in why lie in the solutions adopted by the people. Processes that are used in folding systems are characterized by great number parametrіv - great in that sensi, scho vіdpovіdnі і vіvnіannya i spіvvіdnoshnja analytically can't be allowed. Folding systems are often used uniquely in pairs with systems similar in terms of recognition. Trivality of experiments with such systems sounds great and often appears to be equal to the term of their lives. In some cases, active experiments with the system are unacceptable.
For a folding object, it is often impossible to change the skin control. Tsya furnishing signifies the flooring of a large number of situations that characterize the camp of the object, which is practically impossible to analyze the impact of the skin from them on the decision. In this situation, the replacement of the zhorst algorithm of control, which is ordered on the skin short implementation, is unambiguously resolved, to bring the totality of statements, which confirms that in mathematics it is customary to call calculations. On the basis of the algorithm in the calculation of the progress of the process on the skin crotch, it is not fixed and it is possible to carry out the process in search of a solution. Calculations and similar systems are twisted in mathematical logic.
1.5. The concept of prompting a system model of folding objects
Folding objects are a collection of several structurally water-resistant elements: technological units, transport mains, electric drives, etc. Processes of energy and mass transfer, which are used in folding objects, straightening and bonding with dry watering and speech (heat exchange, filtration, diffusion, deformation, etc.). As a rule, these processes should replace the unsteady stages of development, and the management of such processes should be more science, less science. In the wake of these conditions, it is unstable to manage such objects. Rizko zrostayut vymogi to the qualification of technological personnel and іstotno zbіlshuєtsya hour for yoga training.
An element of the system is called a certain object (material, energetic, informational), which is next to important authorities for us, the inner life (zmist) does not represent any interest from the point of view of analysis.
We will designate the elements through M, And all of them looked (possible) sukupnіst - through (M). Presence of the element to completeness is accepted to be recorded.
sonic it is important for the purpose of looking at the exchange between elements: speech, energy, information.
By a lonely act, you make a sound injection. Meaning all the infusion of the element M 1 per element M 2 through x 12, and elements M 2 on M 1 - through x 21, you can depict the links graphically (Fig. 1.6).
Mal. 1.6. Link of two elements
system we call the abundance of the elements, which is goodness, the advancing signs:
a) links, which allow for additional transitions along them from the element to the element of the last two elements of the totality;
b) authority (appointment, function), in the light of the authorities of the other elements of the marriage.
We call the sign a) the connectivity of the system, b) - її funkієyu. Zastosovuyuchi so called "tuple" (i.e., the sequence of looking at the pererahuvannya) designation of the system, you can write
de Σ-system; ( M} – the abundance of elements in it; ( x) - sukupnіst zv'yazkіv; F- function (new power) of the system.
Let's look at the record as the simplest description of the system.
Practically, whether an object from a singing point of view can be seen as a system. It is important to note that such a glance is rude, or it is smarter to respect data object element. So, the system can enter the radio technical board , I convert the input signal to the output ones. For a fakhіvtsya with an elemental base, the system will be a mica condenser in this board, and for a geologist - the mica itself, which can be folded.
great system we call a system that includes a significant number of similar elements and similar connections.
folding system we call the system that is made up of elements different types and volodіє various links between them.
Often, with a collapsible system, only that one, like a great one, is brought in. The diversity of the elements can be added by writing
Great, but not folding from the point of view of the mechanics, the system is zіbrana zі strijnіv crane boom or, for example, a pipe to a gas pipeline. The elements of the rest will be її boards between welded seams or supports. For rozrahunkіv on the progine elements of the gas pipeline, it will be better for everything to be vvazhatisya perceptibly small (about a meter) trumpets. So it is necessary to have a familiar method of final elements. Zvyazok in this way to wear a forceful (energetic) character - the skin element of the body.
Retail between the system, great system and folding system mentally. So, the hulls of rockets, or ships, which at first glance are the same, sound like a folding system through the appearance of partitions of a different mind.
An important class of folding systems is automated systems. The word "automation" indicates the fate of the human being, victorious and active in the middle of the system while preserving the significant role of technical facilities. So, a shop, a dealership, a pick-up can be both automated and automatic ("automatic shop"). For a folding automation system, the mode is important as the shortest. For example, the landing of a flyer depends on the fate of a person, and the autopilot sounds like a vicarist only on apparently simple movements. So typical situations, if the decision, viroblen by technical methods, harden to the point of becoming a person.
Otzhe, automated system The system is called collapsible with the initial roll of elements of two types: b) at the sight of diy people. Її symbolic record (match z i)
de M T – technical bones, In the middle of the EOM; MH- decision and other activity of a person; M "- other elements in the system.
In a marriage ( X) In any way you can see the connection between people and technology ( x T - H}.
structure The systems are called її division into groups of elements from the designated links between them, unmistakably for the whole hour of review and giving a statement about the system as a whole.
Designated differentiation can be material (verbal), functional, algorithmic and other basis. Groups of elements in the structure are seen to follow the principle of simple or obviously more weak links between the elements of different groups. The structure of the system can be visualized manually using a visual graphical scheme, which is composed of middle lines (groups) and zadnuvali їх lines (links). Such schemes are called structural.
For a symbolic record of the structure, we introduce the replacement of the totality of elements ( M), Sequence of groups of elements ( M*) І sukupnіst zv'yazkіv mizh tsimi groups ( x *) .Then the structure of the system can be written as
The structure can be taken from the combination of elements in a group. It is significant that the function (appointment) F the system is down.
Let's put some structures. The material structure of the choice bridge is made up of several okremi, selected on the mist sections. A rough structural diagram of such a system is shown only in the sections and the order of their work. Stop and є zv'azku, yakі here to wear a power character. The butt of the functional structure - the function of the engine of the internal combustion on the systems of life, ventilation, cooling, transmission of the power moment, etc. .
A typical algorithmic structure will be an algorithm (scheme) of a software program, as an indication of the sequence of action. Also, the algorithmic structure will be an instruction, which will be used in case of a known malfunction of the technical object.
1.6. The main stages of an engineering experiment aimed at folding objects
I give a description of the main stages of the engineering experiment, directed at the development of folding objects.
1. Pobudova physical basis of the model.
Pobudov's physical basis of the model, which allows to see the most significant processes, which determine the quality of control and determine the frequency of determinants and statistical warehouses in guarding processes. The physical basis of the model will be based on the "design" of a folding object in various subject areas, which will be used to describe the completed object. Skin subject area power systems obmezhen on mozhlivі "ruhu" object. The appearance of the aggregation of these environments makes it possible to ground the complex of vicorous models and induce a non-superb model.
Pobudov's "framework" of the model, i.e., the physical basis, is brought up to the description of the system of water, which characterizes the object, the laws, the laws of conservation and the kinetics of processes. Analijes Systems Vіdnosin, Scho Characterize Ob'kt, Dzvololiє Visnochiti Spear Ski-Timchasi Scale Mechanismіv, Scho ІніціYUYUT SPOSTERIAGE ARKSWORDS OF THE MACHINE PRODUCTION, Yakіsno characterizvoy the outcomes of a statistical element to the description of the process, and Torozhai Principle Neomnorіdn_st (Yakscho Insnuє!) Society of Watch Countries.
Pobudov's "framework" is built up to the establishment, according to a priori data, of causal-hereditary links between external and internal destabilizing factors and the efficiency of the robotic system, and the number of assessments of these links is concretized by the experiment. Tim himself guarantees the consistency of the results for the entire class of objects, their non-superability in terms of prior knowledge withdrawal and ensures the change of the obligation of the experimental results. The "framework" of the model is to blame for the variation of the structural-phenomenological approach, which combines the follow-up of the object in terms of its reaction to the "external" influx and the development of the internal life of the object of follow-up.
2. Re-verification of the statistical stability of the results and the determination of the nature of the changes in the controlled variables.
Empirical grounding of statistical stability is carried out to the extent of stability of the empirical average for the world's standard of vibrating (the scheme is subject to a series). The intransigence of experimentally taking away the meaning, as it seems, is not necessary, nor is it sufficient to understand the theoretical and imaginative ones. necessary mental stating the theory of dynamics and the stability of the averaged characteristics of the variables. In this manner, it is necessary to re-verify the empirical induction of statistical stability n-peaceful empirical function of the subdivision of the variable magnitude and the subdivision of the magnitudes for the vibratory assessments.
3. Formation and re-verification of hypotheses about the structure and parameters of the "ruh" of the object.
It is significant that, as a rule, the motive for choosing a statistical approach is the regularity of the guarded process, the chaotic nature and sharp evils. In this vipadka, the last one cannot visually show regularity in the series of cautions and take it as the realization of the vipadical process. It is suggested that the language about the manifestation of the simplest laws, the shards for the manifestation of folding laws are needed to direct the mathematical processing of the results in the poster.
4. Forecasting of external changes depends on the adjustment of the contribution of determinants and statistical warehouses to the final result.
It is significant that the choice for predicting only a statistical approach is based on serious difficulties. Firstly, in order to accept the decision that the minimization of current costs is necessary, it is important to know that the process does not develop in the middle, but that you will conduct yourself at a specific hour. In a different way, in a wild swing, we can solve the problem of predicting a non-stationary, swing process to a minimum. mathematical refinement, dispersion, and by the very appearance of the law, I have rozpodіlu.
5. Planning and implementation of a numerical experiment aimed at assessing the regulatory characteristics of the object and evaluating the efficiency of the control system.
The task of synthesizing the structure of folding systems can only be done analytically in the simplest ways. This is due to the need for simulation modeling (IM) of the elements of the design system.
ІМ - tse special way of sposіb dolіdzhennya ob'єktіv foldable structure, scho polagaє vіdvorennі numerical rank of all input and output changes in the skin element of the object. It allows at the stage of analysis and synthesis of the structure to take into account not only the statistical interrelationships between the elements of the system, but also the dynamic aspects of the functioning.
For folding IM it is necessary:
- to see in the object the modeling of the simplest elements, for which there is a way of rozrahunka of vihdnyh change;
- put together a link that describes the order of joining the elements in the object;
- fold the block diagram of the object;
- choose your own automation modelling;
- expand the IM program;
- to carry out a counting experiment with the method of assessing yogo ІМ, the stability of the results in imitation and the sensitivity of ІМ to the change of keruyuchih and zburyuyuchih vplivіv;
- Virishity with different models of the task of synthesis of the control system.
