A COM port, or a serial port, is a bidirectional serial interface, which is used for exchanging byte data. In the first hour, the port was chosen for connection to the terminal, and then for the modem and mouse. At the same time, it is accepted to zastosovuvati for the connection of the dzherel and also for the connection with the processing of the calculation systems of the budovany type.

Vikoristannya

Also, before that, as a presentation, talk about those that are such a COM-port, you need to look in the past for a clear understanding of this meaning. Literally 15 years ago, there was a way to connect attachments to a computer for the help of a special standard rosette, put on the back panel of the system unit from the connection to a special serial RS-232 cable. In this method, there is no faceless nedolіkiv. Such a cable, beyond the modern world, has a very low speed of data transmission - about a hundred kilobits per second. In addition, if the roses were physically grown, it was necessary to keep the vimikanny, and the stinks themselves croaked one to one for the help of the twins, in order to secure the arrogance, with which they were blown up by a large amount.

Three stories

COM-port on today's computers is traditionally numbered 1 or 2, so it should sound no more than two. It was possible to install additional ports, as in which the need was blamed. If the software was upgraded, it is necessary not to confuse and correctly install the very one to which the connection of the necessary equipment was secure. Skin COM-port for the correct adjustment of the security and also a number of other mysterious parameters, about which it was known only to a narrow number of fahivtsiv. In order for the connection of the equipment to be successful, all the necessary parameters need to be recognized or experimentally selected, so that in this case there was no automatic configuration. Krym tsgogo, pіdklyuchennya via COM-port allowed the zadnannya whether any software security s dovіlnіm zvnіshnіm obladnannyam, navіt absolutly insane, through scho in the process of nalashtuvanі vinikalo impersonal pardons.

fortune

At the same time, the connection via the COM port is more likely to be done by a more modern method, which does not require special knowledge for implementation, but for the help of the USB port itself. Tsey method of consolation of all the shortcomings, guessed earlier. However, the current standards for the totality of the system of all GPS-possession and the great variety of software have been formed long ago for the concept of COM-ports, which have become archaic at the current moment.

The reason for this is that it was practical to be in possession, including GPS, was known, and the connection with the computer was carried out behind the help of a serial cable connected to one of the hardware ports. It is necessary to correctly select the port number and the speed of the data broadcast in the new one during the setup process. At that time, the main standard for transmitting data from a GPS receiver to the program, which is now called NMEA-0183. In fact, the Danish standard directs all retailers to bring the most modern hardware and software to exchange data for additional COM-ports. And everything is in the minds of what is on modern computers, as well as on PDAs, which has long been the leading one - the USB standard. And one more peculiarity lies in the fact that during the rest of the hour the GPS-receivers more and more often began to install without intermediary in the middle of the building, so that between it and the main device, there was a daily cable.

Virtual COM ports

Away from the camps of inventions, and the “virtual” COM port is broken up. To go out, that the internal devices of the PDA, for example, a GPS receiver, are programmatically imitated at the COM port, while not being so in the hardware plan. With this program, it is insured for a day for help similar to the standard, there is no difference, like wines of implementation. Here, the presence of virtual imitation is allowed, and not obov'yazkova presence of hardware implementation. So, let's take care of the complexity of the old-style GPS programs with today's possessions.

making changes

With this, the management of the COM port did not change. Koristuvach, in the old way, is guilty of viroblyat foldable tuning a little not by hand. However, the current COM-port is no longer the bulky attachment located on the rear panel of the system unit, but another attachment. And here everything is right in that from the software point of view all their implementations look faceless, so there is no difference between virtual and real ports. For software security, the port is distinguished only by numbers, which are assigned to them by the PDA hackers on an absolutely vipadkovy basis. For example, the ASUS receiver will sound on COM5, and PocketLOOX 560 will show the receiver on COM8. To go out, that the program, as if it were to accept the GPS-receiving data, do not have a bunch of reliable information about the smart number, which figure port, the prescriptions for receiving data on this PDA.

How does everything work?

Given that among all available COM-ports it is possible to carry out an automatic check of the identity, the procedure for such an experiment can be inappropriate and cumbersome. It is due to the fact that attachments, which appear in the system as COM-ports, can be different and not compatible with GPS, the stench can be absolutely untransferred to the same experience. For example, on a PDA there are ports connected with an internal modem, with USB, with an infrared port, as well as with other elements. Returning to them programs, recognized for robots with a specific attachment, can lead to an absolutely unreproducible reaction, as well as to various malfunctions in robots, which often become the cause of the PDA freezing. To that end, trying to open a COM port can lead to misunderstandings right up to the inclusion of Bluetooth, or it can be even more unreasonable.

Robot COM port

For COM-ports, the chip of the asynchronous universal receiver is the main chip. This microcircuit is used in several different types: Intel 16550A, 16550, 16450, 8250. For the skin COM port, it is possible to remove the registers for receiving and transmitting data, as well as a number of registers, to which they can be accessed through the BIOS, Windows and MS DOS programs. The remaining versions of the microcircuit have a set of buffers for the time-hour saving of transmissions and the removal of data. Zavdyaki such a capacity can be more easily interrupted by the work of the central processor, as well as the speed of broadcasting data.

Main parameters

The attachment to the COM port transfers the presence of such characteristic features:

Base address port for input and output of information;

Hardware change numbers;

Expanding one block of information;

Shvidkost, with which data are transmitted;

Honesty detection mode;

Method of information flow management;

Number of steppe battles.

How to change the computer's COM port? What is your respect for?

As already mentioned earlier, this type of port is a bidirectional interface for bitwise in the last way. The main characteristic in pairing with a parallel port here is the transmission of data bit by bit. The anatomy of a COM port is such that there is no single successive method of data transfer on a computer. For example, such interfaces, like Ethernet or USB, also use a similar principle, but it happened so historically that the port itself was called the RS232 standard.

It is also often necessary to open a COM-port for repair and diagnostics of a computer, and in this case it is also necessary to convert it to a procedure. Burning the adje element is even easier. Most often, it is due to the blame of the coristuvach, which viroblyaet plugged in incorrectly, lisping roses when the interface is connected. The simplest way to re-verify the practicality of the interface is to connect to a new bear. However, it is so easy to take the whole picture, so like a manipulator behind only half of the signal lines from eight of them. Only the choice of special plugs and programs allows you to re-verify the practice data. For these purposes, there is already a specially developed security software.

Description of the RS-232 interface, the format of switching roses and the recognition of vysnovkіv, the recognition of signals, the data exchange protocol.

Zagalny description

RS-232 interface, known as the official title "EIA / TIA-232-E", or more like the "COM-port" interface, previously one of the widest interfaces in computer technology. Vіn to tsikh pіr zustrichaєtsya in desktop computers, regardless of the appearance of more Swiss and "intellectual" interfaces, such as USB and FireWare. To some extent, from the point of view of the radioamator, one can see a low minimum speed and ease of implementation of the protocol in a self-contained annex.

The physical interface is implemented by one of two types of roses: DB-9M or DB-25M, the rest are practically not connected to computers.

Assignment of fittings to the 9-pin socket

Assignment of fittings to the 25-pin socket

It can be seen from the table that the 25-pin interface is subject to the presence of a completely different receive-transmit channel (signals that are designated "# 2"), as well as numerical additional key and control signals. However, often, regardless of the presence in the computer "wide "Roz'mu, additional signals to the new one are simply not connected.

electrical characteristics

Logical equal transmission:"0" - in +5 to +15 Volt, "1" - in -5 to -15 Volt.

Logical equals priymach:"0" - higher than +3 Volts, "1" - lower than -3 Volts.

These characteristics are set by the standard as a minimum, which guarantees the summation of the extensions, but the actual characteristics sound more precisely, which allows, from one side, to live a low-power extension in the port (for example, numerically self-contained data cables for telephones outside are designed in this way), and - submit to the entry port inversions TTL-replacement of a bipolar signal.

Description of the main signals of the interface

CD- Attach the signal if it detects a carrier in the received signal. Ring out this signal by modems, as in this way they tell the host about the detected working modem on the other line.

RXD- The line to receive data as a host will be attached. It is described in detail in the "Protocol for the Exchange of Danimi" section.

TXD- Line of transmission by the host of data to the annex. It is described in detail in the "Protocol for the Exchange of Danimi" section.

DTR- The host will set the signal if it is ready before the exchange of money. In fact, the signal is installed when the communication program opens the port and stays in the same station for the whole hour, while the port is open.

DSR- Install the alarm if enabled and ready to exchange data with the host. The forward and forward (DTR) due signals have been installed for the exchange of denim.

RTS- The host will set a signal in front of it, so as to start the transfer of data to the annex, and also signals about the readiness to receive data from the annex. Victory with the hardware management of the exchange of money.

CTS- Attach a signal to send a signal to the host to set forward (RTS) if you are ready to receive data (for example, if the host sends the data sent by the modem to the line in advance, or if it is not in the intermediate buffer).

R.I.- Attach (beep the modem) to set the signal for the hour of the call to the remote system, for example, when receiving a telephone call, for example, the modem is set to receive calls.

Data exchange protocol

The RS-232 protocol has two methods of data exchange control: hardware and software, as well as two transmission modes: synchronous and asynchronous. The protocol allows you to choose whether any of the methods of control is combined with any mode of transmission. It is also allowed to work without flow control, which may be due to the constant readiness of the host and attachment to receive data, if the call is set (signals DTR and DSR are set).

Hardware control method implemented for additional RTS and CTS signals. To transmit data, the host (computer) sets the RTS signal and checks the settings for the CTS signal, after which it starts data transmission until the CTS signal is restored. The CTS signal is rechecked by the host immediately before the beginning of the transfer of the next byte, so that the byte, which has already begun to be transmitted, will be transmitted again independently of the CTS value. In full duplex mode, data exchange (appliance and host transmit data over a wire, in full duplex mode, stench can work at the same time), when the RTS signal is received by the host, it means that it has switched to receive mode.

Program management method in transmission by the receiving party special symbols of the zupinki (character with the code 0x13, XOFF ranks) and renewal (character with the 0x11 code, XON ranks) transmission. When removing these symbols, it is necessary to transmit them, it is to blame for the transmission, or to confirm it (if the data is obvious, they may be sent). This method is simpler from the point of view of the implementation of the equipment, however, it provides a greater degree of reaction and, in the event of a change in the free space in the priymalny buffer to the singing boundary.

Synchronous transfer mode may be on the way without interruption, if the beats pass one after the other without additional pauses from the given speed. Tsey mode by COM port do not support.

Asynchronous transfer mode It means that data byte data (and parity control bits, in different manifestations) is "wrapped" with a synchronizing sequence of one zero start-bit and one or ten single stop-bits. A diagram of the data flow in asynchronous mode is shown in the thumbnail.

One of the possible algorithms for robotic priming offensive:

1. Set equal "0" to the confirmation signal (RXD in host time, TXD in power time).
2. Correct half of the bit's trivality and reverify that the signal is still equal to "0"
3. Adjust the same bit trivality and streaming rate of the signal to write to the low data bit (bit 0)
4. Repeat the previous paragraph for all other data battles
5. Vіdrakhuvaty equal trivality of the beat and the streaming rіven signal vikoristovuvat for reverification of the correctness received for the additional control of parity (div. Dalі)
6. Restore the same trivality of the battle and reconsider, as the current equal to the signal "1".

The peculiarity of this port in relation to other "latest" technologies is the fact of the existence of any timchasovyh could be between 2 bytes. Timing times are also only between bits of one byte (including start, stop and parity), the value of the time interval pause between bits of one byte, is called baud rate - speed of transmission. Also, in this technology, the concept of "package" is understood.

Other "last" technologies, such as X.25, USB or Ethernet, may understand the "package", and impose a few times more often between the usual bits of one packet.

For this reason, in Cisco IOS terminology, this port is called async - for synchronous serial, that is X.25. For this reason, the Windows module that implements PPP over this port is called AsyncMac.sys (the PPP standard describes the implementation of PPP, which the victor understands "package", over the last port, which one cannot understand).

Deyakі protocols zv'yazku z іndustrіalnymi obladannâm impose zhorstki timchasі vomogy between bytes of the serial port. Such protocols are very foldable in implementation in rich-tasking operating systems with a weak support for the real hour, such as Windows, and that often requires MS-DOS and an outdated software program, maybe 20 years ago, on the same computer.

recognition

The RS-232C standard is most often used for the serial port of personal computers. Previously, the last port was victorious for connecting to a terminal, later for a modem or a mouse. At the same time, the wines are vikoristovuєtsya for zadnannya s, for vyazku z zaparatnym zrorobyki vbudovanyh systems, satellite receivers, cash devices, as well as with accessories of security systems objects.

Behind the help of the COM port, you can connect two computers, which are called “null-modem cable” (div. Below). Using MS-DOS for downloading files from one computer to another, in UNIX for terminal access to another machine, and in Windows (now) - for the driver of the kernel level.

The advantage of technology is the extreme simplicity of possession. Not a lot - low speed, great expansion of roses, and also often high up to an hour of operating the OS and drivers and a high amount of rewriting (one for half of the hardware card, that is 8 bytes).

roses

On motherboards of leading manufacturers (for example, Intel) or ready-made systems (for example, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Fujitsu Siemens Computers) for the serial port, the next smart designation is adopted:

The most common varieties are standardized in 1969 with D-shaped roses: 9 and 25 pins, (DB-9 and DB-25 are standard). Previously, DB-31 and round eight-pin DIN-8 were also victorious. The maximum speed of transmission, in a particular port, is 115,200 baud.

actuality

Establish standards for emulation of a serial port over USB and over Bluetooth (this technology in the significant world was designed as a "droneless serial port").

Proteo software emulation of this port is widely promoted today. So, for example, practically all mobile phones have a classic COM-port and a modem in the middle for realizing tethering - computer access to the Internet via GPRS / EGDE / 3G phone control. With this, for a physical connection to a computer, USB, Bluetooth or Wi-Fi are used.

Also, software emulation of this port is intended for “guests” of VMWare and Microsoft Hyper-V virtual machines, the main meta when it comes to this is connecting the Windows kernel driver to the “guest”.

equipment

Roz'em may contacts:

DTR (Data Terminal Ready - ready to receive data) - exit on the computer, enter on the modem. Chi means that the computer is ready to work with a modem. Skidadnya tsієї linії vyklykaє mayzhe povene rezavantazhennya modem in the first camp, incl. throwing a pipe (deaky keruyuchі registers survive after such a throwing). In UNIX, it is different, as all add-ons have closed files on the serial port driver. Misha vikoristovuє tsey provid for otrimannya eating.

DSR (Data Set Ready - readiness to transfer data) - input on the computer, output on the modem. Chi means modem ready. If this line is in zero, then in a row of OS it becomes impossible to open the port as a file.

RxD (Receive Data) - input on the computer, output on the modem. Potіk danih, scho to enter the computer.

TxD (Transmit Data - data transmission) - output on the computer, input on the modem. Potik data that come out of the computer.

CTS (Clear to Send - ready to send) - input on the computer, output on the modem. The computer is to blame for the transfer of data, until the wire is sent alone. Vykoristovuetsya in the hardware flow control protocol to prevent reflow in the modem.

RTS (Request to Send - request for transmission) - output on the computer, input on modems. The call modem will start the transmission of data until the wire is sent alone. Vykoristovuetsya in the hardware flow control protocol to prevent reflow in the owner and driver.

DCD (Carrier Detect - carrier presence) - input on the computer, output on the modem. Started by the modem alone after the connection is established with the modem on the other side, it drops to zero when the connection is opened. The computer equipment may be rebuilt when such a situation occurs.

RI (Ring Indicator - a signal to the call) - input on the computer, output on the modem. Start by modem alone after the phone signal is detected. The computer equipment may be rebuilt when such a situation occurs.

SG (Signal Ground - signal ground) - high signal wire to the port, not zhalnoy land As a rule, it is isolated from the EOM case or the modem.

There are two crossed pairs in the null-modem cable: TXD / RXD and RTS / CTS.

The standard (from the original IBM PC) port hardware is called UART 16550 (currently included in the SuperIO chip on the motherboard along with a number of other devices). Hours of IBM PC in nіy appeared hardware a bunch of bytes, as greatly reduced the number of seen attachments pereprivan.

Software access to the COM port

UNIX

For the skin port in the registry є razdil. Qi have divided the following names:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Serial\Parameters\Serial10000

de rest value "Serial10000" - a unique number for a new skin added to the system COM port, for another - "Serial10001", etc.

To connect to such devices that support Bluetooth, some programs (for example, such programs can be seen: a program that synchronizes the list of contacts with a mobile phone; a program that takes GPS coordinates from a GPS receiver) on a computer -port.

Before the programs that use the COM port to support communication with the additional technology of the Bluetooth wireless connection, freely distributed by Microsoft, are:

• HotSync, which is found in handheld computers
• ActiveSync, which vikoristovuetsya in small PCs

OS/2

The new driver COM.SYS supports only 4 COM-ports; To serve COM-ports from the main line, it is necessary to speed up the SIO driver.

Null modem cable

Main article: Null modem cable

In some cases, it is possible to install a simple version of the cable, in which only contacts 2, 3 and 5 are installed.

Div. also

• Signals of last ports

Notes

force

• Translation of ker_vnitstva by programming COM port in POSIX operating systems
• Programming the port in java - allows you to work with Windows, for administering official packages from Sun.
• Programming COM port in C ++ under Windows. Ready library, output texts, apply programs.
• Yashkardin V.L. Last port. Programming COM-port in Windows and MS-DOS. SoftElectro (2009). Cited 8 February 2012.

I love you, friends. Prodovzhuєmo vichati system unit. Let's talk about computer ports today. What is it? With a booming development of Internet technologies, the understanding of “port”, “socket” is well known to rich people. Tse іnsha gіlka, and today we will not talk about her. The topic of this article is to provide information about the daily "salt", "real" roses (or ports), as they are recognized for connecting other extensions to the system unit.

"Zalіzo" can also be improved and from skin generation we show new types of roses (or spoil) on purchased system units. Different things are connected to them, so called peripheral outbuildings. System unit + monitor = computer. Everything that connects to them (printers, scanners, programmers, video cards, monitors, and so on) is the periphery.

There are a lot of ports on the computer. The stinks are found on the motherboard of the system unit and are roses (a large part of them are on the back). Some of the roses are displayed on the front panel and stink so very connected to the motherboard.

On it, you can install additional add-ons and add-ons through special expansion slots. Such attachments include discrete video cards, mesh cards, Wi-Fi adapters, USB hubs, card readers, electronic locks, video cards and much more.

The presence of expansion slots allows you to independently choose a computer for a designer, based on your likeness, without spending a day. Because retailers have long standardized the possessions that are released. If necessary, you can carry out a yoga update. This is the main reason that the IBM-PC is a common computer (as such a platform is called) if it was removed from the Apple Macintosh market.

They have system blocks on the back of the head were not separated, and the settings were not replaced. It is possible to carry out an upgrade of such an outbuilding, that and repairability of such a short term of service.

Short list of computer ports

It is necessary to take into account the roses one in another visually. Do not start the scribe to indicate their name. Since the roses are grouped on the rear panel of the system unit, then it’s okay. Everything can be spoiled by an English name, there’s nothing wrong here. Briefly, they can be divided:

1. The last port;
2. Parallel port;
3. Ports for computer and mouse;
4. USB ports;
5. SCSI ports;
6. Video port;
7. Roses of mesh cables;
8. Roses audio;
9. Card reader;

Deyakі z tsikh raznovidіv have already sunk into oblivion and їх on modern motherboards are no longer known. Other rіznоvidi nvpak expand their functionality and є mаnіrіnі plats for gourmets - lovers of audio or video of good quality.

Such cards can support both audio and video formats of third-party producers (Sony, Philips) and can also be heard on such a computer in different versions. Let us especially appreciate today's audio and video porters.

Computer port for connecting peripherals

last port- today already morally outdated river. Ale for fahіvtsіv, yakі are engaged in the repair of electronic appliances stench represent value. On the other hand, such a port was vikoristovuvsya for connecting to a modem. The speed of data transmission is typical - from 110 to 115200 bits per second. Їx ring out bulo two by two with roses D.B. 9 tato type:

The firmware is completely installed for the programmer, to flash the microcontroller or the mobile phone. Abo for the exchange of danimi with a life of uninterrupted life. They are called qi porti COM1і COM2.

parallel port- know the richness, which is mainly used to connect the printer. So the very mayzhe znikly look. Vikoristovuvsya also for the connection of hardware keys to the defense.

Roses are used for connection DB25 mother type. The speed of data transfer is not great - but it can be used for a programmer or an old laser printer. Most old computers have always had two successive ports and one parallel.

Ports for keyboard and mouse know to all coristuvachas. Modern computers stink of purple and green colors. The same color plugs have a mouse and keyboard. It's hard to get confused. Six-contact (mini-Din) female connectors. Їх was invented in Nіmechchinі and tse became the standard. Other name IBM / PC2

so like before the stench of the boules vikoristani on the already guessed platform of the IBM PC. If they messed up when connecting roses - there will be no attachments. Undoubtedly plus - save USB ports. Minus - the language needed to restart the computer was connected incorrectly. Before the speech, the same familiar look. On rich modern computers, there is only one port of deprivation - і pofarbovany vіn one hour in violet-green colors. You can connect to the new one only one attachment, or Misha - or Claudia.

USB ports. Universal sequential tire, ( Universal Serial Bus). Since 1998, the fate of the future has changed; watch on car radios and video cameras You will know this rose today. In the first generations, the speed of transmission of data was about 12 mb / sec. - confusing for those hours. Today we win USB 3, the speed of which is 5 Gb / s

Qi porti zvnі did not change. On the computer, stand roses type "A". Roz'єm on whether or not it is connected to an extension, it is customary to call it "B". May chotiri contact two for streaming, two for data transmission. Apparently, there are twice as many contacts on USB 3.0 ports.

SCSI ports(Small Computer Systems Interface) . Dosit specific and rіdkіsna rіch with us; I don’t know what to do beyond the cordon її no longer zustrіnesh with an ordinary koristuvach. I respect that the attachments with such interfaces were working on the design - for the corporate victoria. Tse - a secure interface for exchanging data, with a speed up to 160 Mb/s.

I got once a laptop, imported from America in 1999, issued by Dell. The new one has one of these rich contact ports. Raztashovaniya vin buv in such a rank that you can victorious yogo bulo, only by placing the laptop on the table. Sam roz'єm closed with curtains on springs. Otzhe, somehow in America there were tables, in yakі tsey roses vbudovaniya ... Bring, put on steel, and connect to corporate merezhi.

Different types of interface are already known to us db-25, as well as 50-High-Density, 68-pin -High-Density, 80-pin SCA, Centronics. You can connect and connect multiple disks to the same interface. There is a special fee for connection - a host adapter.

videoporti. You don't confuse yourself with others. Standard video port - 15 pins VGA socket type D, blue color, "mother". Serve for monitor connection. This is the old standard adopted in 1987. Chi is not available on all motherboards. If you don’t have yoga “on board”, then yoga can be found in the lower part of the system unit. The expansion slot has a video card installed:

If you failed to install the video card on an addendum to the already obvious (“on board”), then the rest of the work will no longer be possible. Tse is fine. The monitor will work only when plugged in to installed.

On the current vіdcritih VGA port has already become important; they are replaced by another variety - DVI. On the motherboard of the transitional type, it looks something like this:

Even more often there are vibrations, if the VGA video card is out of tune. After buying a new one, it turns out that DVI is a port on this one.

Give respect to the type of adapter. On the right, in the fact that DVI roses are different - DVI-D or DVI-I spoils on the new expensive ones. Adapters are NOT interchangeable, check with the seller for the exact moment.

In this season, it will not be necessary to buy a new monitor. The new monitors still work with two types of sockets - VGA and DVI.

HDMI port. Where is now without something in the 21st century? Multimedia-interface of destinations for high-definition video and audio transmission from transparent copying. Instantaneously replaces both other video and audio port (SCART, VGA, YPbPr, RCA, S-Video.). It’s easy to change this interface in an hour to replace everything else. You can learn about digital technology - from a camera to a computer (or a laptop).

Rozmir is compatible with a USB port, and the speed of data transfer is great in a parity with a larger one - up to 48 Gbit per second. The transmission of data is carried out by cable with a good protection from the crossover. The cable can be connected to a laptop and to a TV set and watch video. The length of the cable is not responsible for overshooting 10 meters, in the other case, a subdued / repeating signal is needed.

about audio roses I won't go into details. Everything looks about the same way, like on a home DVD program, so the language goes about it especially. With such a butt, you can bring the SPDiF rose, which can be installed on the expansion slot:

Audio standards from SONY and PHILIPS, this card is connected to the motherboard for an additional connector on the corresponding rose. Standard jacks for connecting a microphone, speakers, headphones look like this:

If you want HD audio, you may need to plug in a HD audio adapter. Read the documentation for your motherboard:

Merezhev port. Without them, in our hour, it is impossible to do. We accept the Internet itself through a wired interface via cable, or via radio. Motherboards are equipped with standard rosettes RJ45 for connecting to an internet cable:

On older computers, the standard speed is 100 Mb/s, modern cards see 1000 Mb/s. If you don't get one tethered card, you can buy an additional one and insert it into the expansion slot:

Such a card is suitable for a PCI slot. Є options and smaller, for PCI-express:

Specify the speed of data transfer and other cards when buying. For lovers of dartless networks, there are so many ideas of a wide choice of Wi-Fi adapters:

You can just plug it into the PCI expansion slot, or PCI - express. However, if you don't want to mess with the system block, you can also buy a USB - a variant of this card:

You insert її into the port and enter the password as WIFI. And you have one more peripheral attached. Many models of home printers have a WIi-Fi adapter, and with this setting, you can use it without wires. Fortunately, today there is a rich choice of merging cards and printers.

How to turn on the USB port when the computer is turned off?

Finally, let's try to solve one problem. I have a headset with a microphone for recording video and talking on Skype. The Chinese fell in love with phati kudi required and not required light for beauty. If the computer flickers, the light continues to burn, so it's like eating through the USB port.

The keyboard glows so by itself, that at night we can’t call it manually, even if it’s not bad (like a friend in the dark). In order to turn off the liveliness of the ports of the name - try to type the following keys Win+R and in the row "Vikonati" insert the command powercfg /h off.

After what you need to turn off the computer. Symptom shvidshe for all zniknut. This command turns on the sleep mode, and the computer is rebooted again. You can look in the control panel for the settings for food in the “Plan of Electricity” Ale, this is the board model, where the setting is mimiced through the BIOS. And on the advanced ones themselves, this function is not included, otherwise it is deeply buried. It is thought that it is so easy to charge gadgets at night.

For important cases, documentation on the motherboard may be helpful. Know the need for a jumper (jumper) and turn on eating by hand. But it's too complicated. And the easiest way is to buy a USB-hub with vimikachami and until the next day you will need peripherals. I do not suffer. Bye, until new zustrіches!

The current personal computer has not gained such a great popularity, but only counts its functions. The lower PC is a richly functional attachment, for the help of something, you can not only carry out some sort of rozrahunka, but also take care of a lot of other rights: rozdrukovat text, manage external attachments, communicate with other coristuvacha for additional computer help D. All great functionality is available for additional additional attachments - peripherals, which are connected to a personal computer for additional special roses, called ports.

Porting a personal computer

port- electronic attachments, as they appear directly on the PC motherboard or on additional boards that are installed in a personal computer. Ports can be a unique rose for connecting external outbuildings - periphery. Appointed stench to exchange data between PCs and external appliances (printers, modems, digital cameras, etc.). To finish it often, in the literature you can write one more name for ports - interface.

All ports can be mentally divided into two groups:

• outrageous- for connecting external devices (printers, scanners, plotters, video imaging devices, modems, etc.);
• internal- for connection of internal outbuildings (hard disks, pay for expansion).

Outrageous damage to a personal computer

1. PS/2- port for connecting the keyboard;
2. PS/2- port for connecting "bears";
3. ethernet- port for connecting local networks and networking extensions (routers, modems, etc.);
4. USB- port for connecting external peripherals (printers, scanners, smartphones, etc.);
5. LPT- parallel port. Serve for connection of old models of printers, scanners and plotters;
6. COM- RS232 serial port. Connect attachments to dial-up modems and old printers. Nini are outdated, practically do not win;
7. MIDI- port for connecting game consoles, midi keyboards, musical instruments with the same interface. The rest of the hour is practically connected to the USB port;
8. Audio In- analog input for line output of sound extensions (tape recorders, players and others);
9. audio output- sound analogue to the sound signal (headphones, speakers and in.);
10. Microphone- microphone output for connecting a microphone;
11. SVGA- a port for connecting video extensions: monitors, modern LED, LCD and plasma panels (we will make any type of rosette);
12. vid out- port vikoristovuєtsya for viewing and introducing a low-frequency video signal;
13. DVI- port for connecting video extensions, more often than not SVGA.

Serial port (COM port)

One of the oldest ports that have been installed in a PC for more than 20 years. You can often learn yoga from literature Classic name - RS232. The exchange of data for additional help is carried out in the sequential mode, so that the lines of transmission and reception are one-bit. In this manner, information, as it is transmitted from the computer to the attachment or navpak, is divided into bits, as if they go one by one in sequence.

The speed of data transmission, which is secured by the cim port, is not great, and there are a number of standardizations: 50, 100, 150, 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14400, 38400, 57600, 115200 Kbps.

Vykoristovuvsya last port for connecting to a PC of such "common" attachments, like the first printers and plotters, dial-up modems, "Misha" manipulators and navigating a computer to communicate with each other. As if I didn’t have a proper yogo security, in order to build an attachment between myself, we need a total of three darts - we’ll forgive the protocol for the exchange of money. I realized that for full-fledged work it is necessary to have more conductors at the cord.

On this day, the last port is practically no longer victorious and more young, and more and more swedish "brother" - USB port. It should be noted, however, that the hackers still complete their motherboards with a COM port. However, the name itself - “the last port” is still being won by software vendors. So, for example, Bluetooth-attachments, ports of stylish phones often appear themselves as “last port”. Therefore, it is possible, the trochs are beaten from the pantel, but it is broken for these reasons, that the transfer of data in them is also successively, but at a greater high security.

For some reason, you may need a COM port, but your PC does not have it, so for this purpose you can use an adapter that connects to a modern USB port, which is available on all modern PCs, and on the other side of such an adapter there are roses єm serial port. But, it’s true, if there is only one exchange, as the software security was sent without intermediary to the “download” of the right COM port, then you won’t be able to work with such an adapter. In this case, it is necessary to add a special board in order to install in the middle of your PC.

Structurally, the last port of the PC can be of the “tato” type (to wash with pins):

Today, the 25-pin roses of the serial port are practically not installed on a PC. If the processor supplies the motherboard with a COM port, then it is a 9-pin DB9 type socket.

It is an interface for connecting such attachments as printers, scanners and plotters.

Allows you to transfer 8 bits of data at once, though in one straight line - from the computer to the periphery. In addition to this, maybe 4 bits (so just like in the data bits, the bits are transmitted from the PC to the outer annex), and 4 bits will become (the computer can “read” it from the annex).

In the rest of the years, the LPT-port was completed, and the port became two-way, so that it became possible to transfer data through the new one in the opposite direction. Today, it is practically not victorious, although motherboard manufacturers still include yoga in the warehouse.

Enthusiasts and radioamators often win this port to manage any non-standard outbuildings (virobi and other).

USB interface

USB- name the port again - universal serial bus ("universal serial bus").

Today, it is one of the most widely played ports on a personal computer. І tse not vipadkovo - yogo technical characteristics and simplicity vikoristannya effectively vrazhayut.

The speed of data exchange for a USB 2.0 interface can reach - 480 Mb / s, and for a USB3.0 interface - up to 5 Gb / s (!).

Moreover, all versions of this interface are interconnected. To attach a vicorous 2.0 interface can be connected to a USB3.0 port (the port will automatically reduce the speed to the required value in this way). Obviously, an optional USB 3.0 port can be connected to a USB 2.0 port. As for the normal operation, it needs more portability, lower than the maximum portability of USB 2.0, then the normal functioning of the peripheral device will be impossible in this way.

Crimea, the popularity of this port has been swayed by the thim, that the retailers have slaughtered one, even a special feature - Danish port can serve as a power station, For a connection to a new building, I will add. In this case, you don’t need an additional block for connecting to an electric line, which is more convenient.

For the USB 2.0 version, the maximum squirt rate can reach 0.5A, while for the USB3.0 version it is 0.9A. It is not recommended to change the specified value, as it will bring the interface out of the way.

Distributors of modern digital outbuildings, spend the whole hour to minimization. Therefore, structurally, this port can be a mother of a standard rosette, another mini-option for miniature outbuildings - mini USB. There are no fundamental limitations to the standard USB-port of the Crimean design of the mini-USB itself.

Almost all modern devices can have a USB port for connecting to a PC. Ease of installation - connection of attachments is recognized by the operating system practically immediately after arrival, giving the possibility to use such a port without special "computer" knowledge. Printers, scanners, digital cameras, smartphones and tablets, advanced accumulators - just a small list of peripherals, like a vicarious interface. A simple principle - "built in and practice" We built this port as a truly bestseller among the latest PC interfaces for today.

Fire-Wire port (Other names - IEEE1394, i-Link)

This kind of interface appeared recently - since 1995. It is a high performance tire of the sequential type. The speed of data transmission can be reached - up to 400 Mb/s in the IEEE 1394 and IEEE 1394a standards, 800 Mb/s and 1600 Mb/s in the IEEE1394b standard.

At the same time, this interface is split, like a port for connecting internal storage devices (SATA type), and the license policy of Apple is one of the retailers of this standard, and you have to pay for the skin controller chip. Therefore, today there is only a small number of digital attachments (some models of cameras and video cameras) provided with this type of interface. I didn’t take a wide view of the port so wide.

The value of this interface is important to reevaluate, as a rule, it is the most important choice for connecting a personal computer to a local network, or for accessing the Internet in most of the networks. Almost all modern PCs, laptops and netbooks have an Ethernet port built into the motherboard. It doesn’t matter to anyone to perekonatisya, as if looking back at the roses.

For the connection of the outbuildings, there is a special one, which can be done from both ends, however roses - RJ-45, What to do with all contacts.

The cable is symmetrical, in conjunction with it, the order of connection of the extension cannot be significant - before any of the identical roses, you can connect the cable to any attachment to the choice - PC, router, modem, etc. Marked with the abbreviation - UTP , zagalnopriynyat name - "twisted couple". For most devices, both for home and office installations, install a cable of the fifth category of the brand UTP-5 or UTP-5E.

The speed of data transfers over Ethernet data transfer to the port is 10 Mb/s, 100 Mb/s and 1000 Mb/s. It should be clear that the throughput is theoretical, and that in real terms it is a troch lower on the consideration of the features of the Ethernet data transmission protocol.

So, next to the mother on the street, that not all virobniki install in their Ethernet-controllers a swidcode chip, so the stench is expensive. To bring it up to the fact that in practice, the real speed of data transmission is significantly lower than indicated on the packaging or in the specification. As a rule, in practice, all Ethernet-cards are folded up and down. Therefore, more new models, which may be able to connect on a speed of 1000 Mb / s (1 Gb / s), will work without problems with older models, on a speed of 10 and 100 Mb / s.

For visual control of the integrity of the connection, the Ethernet port can be Link and Act indicators. Link indicator - light up in green color when the correct and practical physical connection is made, i.e. the cable between the attachments, connections, faults, damage to work. Another indicator Act (“activity”) may, as a rule, turn orange and shine at the hour of transmission or receipt of data.

Internal ports of a personal computer

As it was already said above, internal ports are recognized for connecting such peripherals, such as accumulating on hard disks, CD and DVD-ROM, “card readers”, additional COM and USB ports, etc. There are internal ports or on the motherboard, or on additional expansion boards that are installed in the system bus.

Nini old interface for connecting old models of storage devices on hard disks ("winchester", HDD). After the creation of the SATA-interface, having removed the name of the PATA-interface, or shortly - ATA. PATA - ParallelAdvanced Technology Attachment. The same parallel data transfer interface for connection of storage storage devices in the middle of 1986 to the now famous company WesternDigital.

Fallow in the virobnik, the motherboard can pass through one to four IDE-channels. Modern virobniki, as a rule, fill up only one IDE port for connectivity, and the rest of the time and turn off the storage of the motherboard, being mostly connected to the current SATA interface.

The speed of data transfer in the rest version of the EnhancedIDE interface can be reached - 150 Mbit / sec. The connection is connected to an additional IDE-cable, which can be 40 or 80 is alive for the old or the new type of interface.

As a rule, for the help of one cable, you can connect up to two attachments at the same time to one IDE port. At this point, for the help of a jumper on accumulating units, which determine the “seniority” of the attachments, work in pairs, the robotic mode is selected - on one extension - "Master" (master), And for the other "Pidlegliy" (slave).

You can connect like the same type of attachment, for example, two accumulators on hard disks or two DVD-ROMs, and in different cases - DVD-ROM and HDD or CD-ROM and DVD-ROM. The rose for the connection is not important, there is no need to take care, that two roses for the connection of the periphery of the switch for security up to one of the loops.

Follow the same mother on the street, which, having connected the "shwydka" of attachments, re-insurance for an 80-wire cable for the help of an old 40-wire cable, you will greatly reduce the speed of the exchange. If so, if one of the outbuildings in the pair may be the old (common) ATA interface, then the speed of data transfer in this way will be determined by the very speed of the work of this outbuilding.

If there are two IDE ports and two storage devices in the middle of the PC, in order to increase the data exchange rate, it is necessary to connect the storage device skin to the IDE port.

This interface is the development of its successor to the IDE interface, with this lesser difference, which, on the face of its “older friend”, is not a parallel, but a successor interface. SATA - SerialATA.

Structurally, it is possible for all sim conductors for their work, and the area is too small, like the rose itself, so for a good cable.

The speed of data transfer at this interface is significantly higher than the old IDE and in the fallacy in the SATA version become:

1. SATARev. 1.0 - up to 1.5 Gb / s;
2. SATARev. 2.0 - up to 3 Gb / s;
3. SATARev. 3.0 - up to 6 Gb / s.

So it goes without saying that the IDE-interface cord for connecting the “universal” attachments is the same on the sides, but now, for the help of one SATA cable, you can connect only one attachment to one SATA port.

Ale, it’s unlikely that Varto will get embarrassed by this drive. Virobniki podbali about those, schob the number of ports was sufficient for the most different zastosuvan, installing up to 8 SATA ports on one motherboard. Rose SATA-port of the third revision, as a rule, may have a bright-red color.

supplementary ports

Most motherboards have an additional number of USB ports, and some have one additional COM port.

Crushed for the clarity of the coristuvach. Most modern cases in desktop PCs have USB sockets installed on the front panel for comfortable connection of external storage devices. In this way, it is not necessary to stretch to the back wall of the system unit and “spend” it in a USB socket, which leads to the back panel.

Such a socket is on the front panel and is connected to an additional USB port installed on the motherboard. For the most part, putting USB interfaces on the back panel can simply not be connected, due to the large number of outbuildings in the periphery, in which case you can add-on bar with USB sockets and connect them to additional ports.

All of the above can be applied to other ports, installed on the motherboard. For example, the last COM port or FireWireIEEE1394 may simply not appear on the back panel of a personal computer, but on the motherboard at the same time present. At this point, you can buy a good plume and give your name.

It would be technically incorrect to call these ports ports, although the method of connecting additional boards to them is still similar to other primary ports. The principle is the same - built in and included. The system in most vipadkiv itself knows attachments and request (or install automatically) for the new driver.

Such buses are installed, for example, a new graphics card, a sound card, an internal modem, a video input card, other additional expansion cards, which allow the PC to expand its functions and capabilities.

Buses PCI and PCIe are inseparable one by one, so the first thing you need to add your own expansion card is to clarify - what kind of system buses are installed on the motherboard of your PC.

PCIex 1 and PCIex 16 - current implementation of the old PCI bus, expanded in 1991. Ale on vіdmіnu vіd svoєї podednitsi, є є є є sredіvnoy bus, and kіm tsgogo all PCIe bus 'dnani on topology "sirka", at that hour like the old bus PCI zadnuvala parallel one to one. Krym tsyogo, new tire volody with such perevag, like:

1. Possibility of hot replacement of boards;
2. Smuga transmission can be guaranteed parameters;
3. Data integrity control during reception and transmission;
4. Kerovane energy recovery.

The PCI Express buses are divided into a number of conductors to the slot, for the help of which there is an exchange of data with an installed add-on (PCIex 1, PCIex2, PCIex 4, PCIex 8, PCIex 16, PCIex 32). The maximum speed of data transfer can be reached - 16 Gb / s.